Motor Control Theories And Characteristics! Trivia Quiz
(144).jpg "Motor Control Theories And Characteristics! Trivia Quiz - Quiz")
The human body can move in different ways, and there have been various theories put across to explain how we attain coordinated movement. How well do you actually understand these theories and their application in real life? This trivia quiz will test you on motor control theories and characteristics based on some real-life scenarios that people have undertaken regularly. Do give it a shot and see if it helps you understand motor control better.
- 1.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a closed-loop control system:
- A.
Uses Feedback
- B.
Information issued only to initiate movement
- C.
Movement is typically over very early
Correct Answer
C. Movement is typically over very earlyExplanation
A closed-loop control system is designed to continuously monitor and adjust its output based on feedback from its sensors. It uses this feedback information to maintain a desired setpoint or to correct any deviations from it. The options "Uses Feedback" and "information issued only to initiate movement" both align with the characteristics of a closed-loop control system. However, the statement "movement is typically over very early" contradicts the nature of a closed-loop system, as it implies that the system stops its movement prematurely. A closed-loop control system is intended to continually adjust its movement until it reaches the desired outcome, rather than ending it prematurely.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following is the most correct definition of coordination:
- A.
The process or state of coordinating or being coordinated
- B.
The organization of the different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively
- C.
Patterning of the body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events
- D.
Having the ability to function in a sporting environment (ie. catch a ball, hit a pitch)
Correct Answer
C. Patterning of the body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and eventsExplanation
The correct answer is the definition that states coordination as the patterning of the body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events. This definition highlights the concept of coordinating one's movements in relation to the surrounding objects and events, suggesting a synchronization between body and environment. It implies the ability to adjust and adapt one's actions based on the external stimuli, emphasizing the importance of spatial awareness and motor skills in coordination.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Throwing a baseball pitch would be an example of what a control system?
- A.
Open Loop
- B.
Closed Loop
- C.
Efference Copy
- D.
Central Centre (Executive)
Correct Answer
A. Open LoopExplanation
Throwing a baseball pitch is an example of an open loop control system because it does not involve continuous feedback or adjustments during the action. In an open loop system, the output is not monitored or compared to the desired outcome, and there is no correction made based on the feedback. In the case of throwing a baseball pitch, once the throw is initiated, there is no further adjustment or correction made based on the outcome of the throw.Rate this question:
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- 4.
How many degrees of freedom are there in the shoulder?
- A.
1
- B.
2
- C.
3
- D.
4
Correct Answer
C. 3Explanation
The shoulder joint has three degrees of freedom. This means that it can move in three different directions independently. These directions are flexion/extension (forward and backward movement), abduction/adduction (sideways movement), and internal/external rotation (rotating inward and outward). Each of these movements is controlled by different sets of muscles and allows for a wide range of motion in the shoulder joint.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The degrees of freedom problem explains:
- A.
The number of independent elements in a central system and the ways each component can act
- B.
All the possible movements around a specific limb or joint
- C.
The various movement possibilities applicable to the body
- D.
Context of the environment of the head, body and/or limb movements so that actions can be accomplished
Correct Answer
A. The number of independent elements in a central system and the ways each component can actExplanation
The degrees of freedom problem refers to the number of independent elements in a central system and the ways each component can act. It relates to the possible movements around a specific limb or joint and the various movement possibilities applicable to the body. It also takes into account the context of the environment of the head, body, and/or limb movements so that actions can be accomplished.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following Motor Control Theories emphasizes the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action?
- A.
Schmidt's Schema Theory
- B.
Dynamic Pattern Theory
- C.
Motor Program-based Theories
- D.
Fitt's Law
Correct Answer
C. Motor Program-based TheoriesExplanation
Motor Program-based Theories emphasize the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action. These theories propose that motor programs, which are stored in memory, are responsible for producing coordinated movements. According to this view, the brain retrieves and executes motor programs to generate specific actions. This theory suggests that the memory representation of a motor program plays a crucial role in controlling and coordinating movements.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The Dynamic Pattern Theory:
- A.
Is a memory based construct that controls coordinated movement
- B.
Describes and explains the role of coordinated movement that emphasises the role of information in the environment and properties of the body/limbs
- C.
Hypothesises a Generalised Motor Program (GMP)
- D.
Helps to explain the degrees of freedom problem and describes how the nervous system produces coordinated movement of motor skills
Correct Answer
B. Describes and explains the role of coordinated movement that emphasises the role of information in the environment and properties of the body/limbsExplanation
The Dynamic Pattern Theory describes and explains the role of coordinated movement by emphasizing the role of information in the environment and properties of the body/limbs. It suggests that the nervous system produces coordinated movement of motor skills by utilizing a Generalized Motor Program (GMP). This theory also helps to address the degrees of freedom problem, which refers to the challenge of controlling multiple joints and muscles during movement.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Invariant features are defined as:
- A.
Features of a GMP that can be varied from one performance of a skill to another
- B.
A unique set of characteristics that defines a GMP and does not vary from one performance to the next
- C.
A memory representation that stores information needed o perform an action
- D.
The fundamental of the class of actions
Correct Answer
B. A unique set of characteristics that defines a GMP and does not vary from one performance to the nextExplanation
The correct answer is "a unique set of characteristics that defines a GMP and does not vary from one performance to the next." Invariant features are those that remain consistent and unchanged across different performances of a skill. These features define the underlying structure or pattern of a generalized motor program (GMP) and are essential for its identification and execution. By maintaining the same set of characteristics, invariant features allow for the recognition and reproduction of a specific GMP across various contexts and conditions.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Schmidt's Schema Theory proposes that:
- A.
Memory is the most important component of a GMP
- B.
A GMP serves as the central, memory-based mechanism for the control of motor skill performance
- C.
Open and closed loop control systems send movement instructions to the GMP and initiate a movement
- D.
When a specific action is performed, specific parameter values must be added to the GMP
Correct Answer
B. A GMP serves as the central, memory-based mechanism for the control of motor skill performanceExplanation
Although d) is also correct, b) is more correctRate this question:
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- 10.
In order to adapt an overarm throw for distance in a softball game, which part of the GMP must be altered?
- A.
Invariant features
- B.
Regulatory conditions
- C.
Parameters
- D.
Attractors
Correct Answer
C. ParametersExplanation
To adapt an overarm throw for distance in a softball game, the part of the Generalized Motor Program (GMP) that needs to be altered is the parameters. Parameters refer to the specific values or settings within a GMP that can be adjusted to achieve different outcomes. In this case, adjusting the parameters of the overarm throw, such as the angle, speed, or release point, can help optimize the throw for greater distance.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Anti-phase to In-phase organisation (ie. tapping fingers at separate patterns - out of phase - will eventually lead to tapping at the same time - in-phase) is an example of what:
- A.
Control Parameter
- B.
Self-Organisation
- C.
Coordinated Structures
- D.
Dynamical Systems
Correct Answer
B. Self-OrganisationExplanation
The given scenario of tapping fingers at separate patterns eventually leading to tapping at the same time demonstrates self-organization. Self-organization refers to the spontaneous emergence of order or patterns in a system without external influence or control. In this case, the individuals are able to synchronize their finger tapping without any external guidance, showcasing the self-organizing nature of the system.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Motor Program Based Theory?
- A.
Instructions are specified by the CNS
- B.
Control process is managed by a motor program
- C.
Motor Program organizes, initiates, and carries out intended actions
- D.
Non-linear changes in movement behaviour
Correct Answer
D. Non-linear changes in movement behaviourExplanation
Linear changes in movement behaviour - non linear relates to the Dynamic Systems TheoryRate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following does not apply to proprioception?
- A.
Refers to the sensation and perception of limb, trunk, head position and movement
- B.
Densory information is transmitted to the CNS (movement direction, location in space etc.)
- C.
More important in open-loop control systems rather than closed-loop control systems
- D.
Important source of feedback
Correct Answer
C. More important in open-loop control systems rather than closed-loop control systemsExplanation
Proprioception refers to the sensation and perception of limb, trunk, head position, and movement. Sensory information related to proprioception is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), providing information about movement direction and location in space. Proprioception is an important source of feedback in both open-loop and closed-loop control systems. Therefore, the statement that proprioception is more important in open-loop control systems rather than closed-loop control systems does not apply.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The function of muscles spindles are:
- A.
To detect change in muscle fibre length, limb movement velocity and acceleration and limb spatial position
- B.
To detect force through the tendon due to lengthening of skeletal muscle
- C.
To help detect joint spatial position, joint velocity and joint direction
- D.
Act to detect the limits of joint flexion and extension
Correct Answer
A. To detect change in muscle fibre length, limb movement velocity and acceleration and limb spatial positionExplanation
b) Golgi tendon organs c) joint receptors d) also joint receptorsRate this question:
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- 15.
What is located at the junction of tendons and skeletal muscle?
- A.
Muscle Spindles
- B.
Joint Receptors
- C.
Golgi tendon organs
- D.
Alpha motor neurons
Correct Answer
C. Golgi tendon organsExplanation
Muscle Spindles: located in all skeletal muscle Joint Receptors: located in joint capsules and ligaments of all synovial jointsRate this question:
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- 16.
As observed by Taub and Berman (1963, 1968), Monkeys that had undergone Surgical Deafferentation showed:
- A.
Increased precision of motor skills
- B.
An inability to perform previously known motor skills
- C.
A lesser degree of precision when performing motor skills
- D.
No difference in level of motor skill proficiency
Correct Answer
C. A lesser degree of precision when performing motor skillsExplanation
Taub and Berman (1963, 1968) observed that monkeys who had undergone Surgical Deafferentation showed a lesser degree of precision when performing motor skills. This means that the monkeys were not able to perform motor skills with the same level of accuracy and precision as before the surgery.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following statements about Sensory Polyneuropathy is false?
- A.
Large myelinated fibres degenerate - leading to loss of all sensory information including pain and temperature
- B.
Efferent motor pathways are (usually) intact - strength is normal
- C.
Patients who are unable to see their limbs cannot sense their position nor detect motion of joints
- D.
A) and b)
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Large myelinated fibres degenerate - leading to loss of all sensory information including pain and temperatureExplanation
Large myelinated fibres degenerate - leading to loss of all sensory information EXCEPT FOR pain and temperatureRate this question:
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- 18.
If I were to vibrate both of the Achilles Tendons of an individual whom was standing with their eyes closed, the likely postural response would be to:
- A.
Do nothing
- B.
Initiate step forwards
- C.
Sway forwards and fall over
- D.
Sway backwards and fall over
Correct Answer
D. Sway backwards and fall overExplanation
When the Achilles tendons are vibrated, it activates the stretch reflex, causing a reflexive contraction of the calf muscles. This contraction results in a backward sway of the body. Since the individual is standing with their eyes closed, they are relying heavily on proprioception (the sense of body position) to maintain balance. The sudden contraction of the calf muscles due to the vibration disrupts their sense of body position, leading to a loss of balance and a potential fall backwards. Therefore, the likely postural response would be to sway backwards and fall over.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The info from motor areas of the brain that is destined for the muscles is also sent as:
- A.
An attractor
- B.
An efference copy
- C.
The executive
- D.
Feedback
Correct Answer
B. An efference copyExplanation
The information from motor areas of the brain that is destined for the muscles is also sent as an efference copy. Efference copy refers to a copy of the motor command that is sent to the muscles, allowing the brain to predict the expected sensory consequences of the movement. This copy is used for comparison with the actual sensory feedback received after the movement, enabling the brain to make adjustments and fine-tune motor control.Rate this question:
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- 20.
When there is a conflict between vision and other sensory sources we tend to:
- A.
Believe our muscles (ie. proprioception)
- B.
Believe our eyes
- C.
Get so confused our heads explode
- D.
Need to make an executive decision to decide which sensory source to rely on
Correct Answer
B. Believe our eyesExplanation
When there is a conflict between vision and other sensory sources, we tend to believe our eyes because vision is considered to be one of the most dominant and reliable senses. Our eyes provide us with direct visual information about our surroundings, and we often rely on this sense to navigate and interpret the world around us. While other sensory sources such as proprioception (our sense of body position and movement) are important, vision usually takes precedence in situations of conflict.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The clear surface that covers the front of the eye is:
- A.
Pupil
- B.
Iris
- C.
Lens
- D.
Cornea
Correct Answer
D. CorneaExplanation
The cornea is the clear surface that covers the front of the eye. It is responsible for focusing incoming light onto the retina, allowing us to see clearly. The cornea is transparent and helps to protect the eye from dust, dirt, and other foreign particles. It also plays a crucial role in the overall refractive power of the eye, helping to determine how well we can focus on objects at different distances.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following is the eye structure that covers the back of the eye as an extension of the brain (contains neuro-receptors that transmit visual information to the brain):
- A.
Pupil
- B.
Retina
- C.
Iris
- D.
Lens
Correct Answer
B. RetinaExplanation
The retina is the correct answer because it is the eye structure that covers the back of the eye and contains neuro-receptors that transmit visual information to the brain. The retina is responsible for converting light into neural signals that are then sent to the brain for processing and interpretation. It is considered an extension of the brain because it is made up of specialized cells that are similar to neurons found in the brain. The other options, such as the pupil, iris, and lens, do not fulfill the criteria of covering the back of the eye and transmitting visual information to the brain.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following statements about the neural components of the eye is FALSE:
- A.
Rods are photoreceptor cells that respond to low levels of light
- B.
Cones are photoreceptor cells that respond to bright light
- C.
The Optic Nerve is a cranial nerve - it transfers visual information from the retina to the brain
- D.
A) & b)
- E.
All of the above are correct
Correct Answer
E. All of the above are correctExplanation
The given answer is incorrect. The statement "all of the above are correct" implies that all the statements about the neural components of the eye are true. However, the question asks for the false statement. The false statement is "Cones are photoreceptor cells that respond to bright light" because cones are actually responsible for color vision and function best in bright light conditions.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Vision for 'action' is processed via which stream:
- A.
Dorsal
- B.
Ventral
Correct Answer
A. DorsalExplanation
The vision for 'action' is processed via the dorsal stream. The dorsal stream, also known as the "where" pathway, is responsible for processing visual information related to the spatial location of objects and guiding actions and movements. It helps us determine the position, motion, and orientation of objects in our environment, allowing us to interact with them effectively. The ventral stream, on the other hand, is responsible for processing visual information related to object recognition and perception of color and form.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following statements about vision is FALSE:
- A.
Skilled tennis players view an opponents trunk-hip and head-shoulder areas
- B.
Less skilled spent more time looking at the opponents racquet
- C.
Event Occlusion is defined as excluding a part of an opponents body in a picture
- D.
Novices found that they had a lower percentage of error predicting the next action of a tennis player during Temporal Occlusion
Correct Answer
D. Novices found that they had a lower percentage of error predicting the next action of a tennis player during Temporal OcclusionExplanation
Temporal Occlusion is when you aim to see at what point in time during a movement when an athlete will be able to preempt the next action - novices show a greater percentage of error when compared with expertsRate this question:
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- 26.
Central vision (ie. information detected from a small area with a range of about 2 - 5 degrees) can also be explained as:
- A.
Monocular Vision
- B.
Binocular Vision
- C.
Foveal Vision
- D.
Peripheral Vision
Correct Answer
C. Foveal VisionExplanation
Foveal vision refers to the central area of the retina that is responsible for sharp and detailed vision. It is the part of the eye that has the highest concentration of cone cells, which are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. Foveal vision is crucial for tasks that require fine detail and focus, such as reading or recognizing faces. It allows us to see objects with clarity and precision in the central area of our visual field.Rate this question:
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- 27.
When reaching to grasp an object, if the peripheral vision is blocked:
- A.
Transportation to reach forward is blocked
- B.
The grasp is not affected
- C.
The grasp is affected
- D.
A) & b)
Correct Answer
D. A) & b)Explanation
When the peripheral vision is blocked while reaching to grasp an object, both transportation to reach forward and the grasp itself are affected. The blocked peripheral vision hinders the ability to accurately judge the distance and position of the object, making it difficult to plan and execute the reaching movement. Additionally, the lack of peripheral vision may also affect the hand-eye coordination required for a successful grasp. Therefore, both options a) and b) are correct.Rate this question:
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- 28.
In order to successfully catch an oncoming object you must see the object until:
- A.
You catch it
- B.
Halfway through its flight
- C.
You can predict the rest of the flight
- D.
It leaves the hand of the person throwing it
Correct Answer
C. You can predict the rest of the flightExplanation
To successfully catch an oncoming object, it is important to see the object until you can predict the rest of its flight. This means that you need to have a good understanding of the object's trajectory and speed in order to anticipate its movement and position yourself accordingly to catch it. Simply catching it or seeing it halfway through its flight may not provide enough information to make an accurate catch. Additionally, once the object leaves the hand of the person throwing it, it becomes more difficult to predict its flight path, so it is crucial to have a clear view until you can make an accurate prediction.Rate this question:
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- 29.
The optical variable Tau is defined as:
- A.
Tc = kA/A
- B.
Time to contact
- C.
The speed and accuracy tradeoff
- D.
The visual field 200 degrees horizontally and 160 degrees vertically
Correct Answer
B. Time to contactExplanation
The correct answer is "Time to contact". The optical variable Tau is a measure of the time it takes for an object to make contact with another object or surface. It is calculated by dividing the constant k by the relative size of the object (A) and its rate of expansion (dA/dt). This variable is important in perception and action as it helps in determining the appropriate timing for actions such as catching a ball or avoiding obstacles while moving.Rate this question:
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- 30.
The Ventral Visual system:
- A.
Is the pathway for Action
- B.
Projects from the primary visual cortex to the posterior parietal cortex
- C.
Projects from the primary visual cortex to the inferotemporal cortex
- D.
Is the pathway for Perception
- E.
A) & b)
- F.
A) & c)
- G.
C) & d)
Correct Answer
G. C) & d)Explanation
The correct answer is c) & d) because the ventral visual system is responsible for both perception and the pathway for action. It projects from the primary visual cortex to the inferotemporal cortex for perception and also projects from the primary visual cortex to the posterior parietal cortex for action.Rate this question:
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- 31.
There is no single, absolute estimate of the time to process information, however there is a certain value that is considered reasonable for many tasks. This value is:
- A.
215-250ms
- B.
100-160ms
- C.
150-200ms
- D.
180-230ms
Correct Answer
B. 100-160msExplanation
The correct answer is 100-160ms. This range is considered reasonable for many tasks when it comes to the time it takes to process information. While there is no single, absolute estimate for this processing time, the 100-160ms range is commonly accepted as a reasonable value.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Describe Fitt's Law and explain how it relates to the speed-accuracy trade off
- 33.
Prehension describes actions involving reaching for and grasping objects. There are 3 components for prehension. Which of the following is not one of them...
- A.
Transport
- B.
Limb Movement
- C.
Grasp
- D.
Object Manipulation
Correct Answer
B. Limb MovementExplanation
Prehension refers to actions involving reaching for and grasping objects. The three components of prehension are transport, grasp, and object manipulation. Limb movement is not one of the components of prehension.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Bimanual Coodination Skills are motor skills that requires simultaneous use of both arms (or legs). The skill may require two arms to move with the same or different spatial and/or temporal characteristics. What sort of bimanual coordination was required in the example, where the goal is to move both hands to the centre. (Left Hand) (Goal) (Right Hand)
- A.
Asymmetric
- B.
Symmetric
- C.
Disassociate
- D.
Difficult
Correct Answer
A. AsymmetricExplanation
In the given example, the bimanual coordination required is asymmetric. This means that the movement of both hands to the center is not identical in terms of spatial characteristics. One hand may need to move a greater distance or in a different direction compared to the other hand. This type of coordination involves different movements or actions performed by each hand to achieve the goal.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The "reach and grasp" component of Prehension are no two seperate movement components but are interdependent.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Visual Information and intended manipulation of the object "preset" the system to initiate the reach and grasp as well as influence feedback to create modification afterwards.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Which of the following statements about handwriting are FALSE?
- A.
There is a great deal of individual variation with limb segment involvement
- B.
Handwriting demonstrates only cognitive elements within a control process
- C.
Motor equivalence demonstrates a person adapting to specific demands with regard to muscle involvement (eg. writing samples)
- D.
Lexical, semantic and motor control processes occur simultaneously when writing
Correct Answer
B. Handwriting demonstrates only cognitive elements within a control processExplanation
Handwriting demonstrates various cognitive and motor elements within a control processRate this question:
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- 37.
Which of the following statesments about Gait is FALSE?
- A.
There is a non-rhythmic structure of gait patterns that exist between arms and legs
- B.
Identification of gait patterns allow assessment techniques of coordination patterns
- C.
Head Stability is a high priority is the gait motor control system
- D.
Locomotion cerebral palsy and other neurological impairments adopt 'abnormal' gait to enable head stability
Correct Answer
A. There is a non-rhythmic structure of gait patterns that exist between arms and legsExplanation
The statement that is FALSE is "There is a non-rhythmic structure of gait patterns that exist between arms and legs." Gait patterns involve a rhythmic and coordinated movement of the arms and legs, and there is a specific structure to these patterns.Rate this question:
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- 38.
When facing a pitch in baseball it is important to track the ball up until:
- A.
It makes contact with the bat
- B.
100-160ms after it leaves the pictures hand
- C.
Only to a certain spot (before contact) in order to synchronise with the step forward
- D.
Until you can predict where the ball will fall in the strikers zone
Correct Answer
C. Only to a certain spot (before contact) in order to synchronise with the step forwardExplanation
When facing a pitch in baseball, it is important to track the ball only to a certain spot (before contact) in order to synchronize with the step forward. This means that the batter should focus on the ball until it reaches a specific point in its trajectory, which allows them to time their swing and step forward correctly. By tracking the ball up until this point, the batter can ensure that they are in the optimal position to make contact with the ball and increase their chances of hitting it successfully.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Nov 08, 2012Quiz Created by
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