The Landmark Thucydides 3.1 To 3.116

The Spartan judges weren't interested in past history. They simply noted that they had offered neutrality and the Plataeans had rejected it in favor of enmity and the Athenian alliance.

The Mytilenians told the Spartans they were rebelling against Athens because Athens had enslaved all her other allies. This suggests that the Mytilenians were fearful of being enslaved by Athens as well and wanted to avoid this fate by rebelling. By informing the Spartans about Athens' treatment of its allies, they may have hoped to gain support and assistance from the Spartans in their rebellion.

The Aetolians managed to defeat the Athenian army led by Demosthenes at Aegitium because their lightly armed javelinists were able to prevent the hoplites from closing with them. This means that the Aetolians were able to keep a distance from the heavily armed Athenian soldiers and use their javelins to attack from afar, making it difficult for the hoplites to engage in close combat. This strategy gave the Aetolians an advantage and allowed them to defeat the Athenians.

After the Athenians had voted to kill the Mytilenians as Cleon advised, Diodotus convinced them to revoke the mass death sentence in a second vote. Fortunately, the ship carrying the news of the revoked sentence arrived at Lesbos in time to spare the majority of the population.

Mytilene was the powerful city that led the entire island of Lesbos, except Methymna, into rebellion against Athens in the fourth year of the war.

Heraclea was the name of the new city-colony established by Sparta near Thermopylae. This city was founded after the Battle of Thermopylae, where King Leonidas and his Spartan warriors fought against the Persians. Heraclea served as a strategic outpost for Sparta, allowing them to control and defend the region.

According to Thucydides, the cause of "every form of iniquity" taking root in Hellenic countries was revolution. Thucydides believed that revolutions led to a breakdown of order and morality, allowing for corruption and injustice to flourish. This suggests that the social and political upheaval caused by revolution created a fertile ground for various forms of wrongdoing to thrive in Hellenic countries.

Demosthenes defeated the larger Peloponnesian army led by Eurylochus at Amphilochia by setting up an ambush that targeted the enemy's left wing from behind once they were engaged. This surprise attack caught the enemy off guard and disrupted their formation, giving Demosthenes the advantage in battle. By strategically attacking the enemy's weaker flank, Demosthenes was able to overcome the numerical superiority of the Peloponnesian army and secure victory.

Corcyra experienced a bloody revolution which caused it to temporarily withdraw from the Delian League. The revolution was a result of a conflict between the oligarchs and the democrats in Corcyra. The democrats gained control and established a democratic government, leading to the temporary withdrawal of Corcyra from the Delian League.

This 250 ships was the most Athens had ever possessed; Thucydides says that along with the siege of Potidaea, it was the expense of maintaining this huge navy that exhausted her resources.

The Mount Etna eruption was said to have been only the third, and the first in fifty years, since Hellenic people had first arrived in Sicily.

Both B and D are correct.