TOEFL Mock Test 92: Reading Passages

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1. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted passage?

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TOEFL Mock Test 92: Reading Passages - Quiz

Read the passage below and choose the best answers for the following questions.

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2. The word "precise" in the passage is closest in meaning to

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3. The word "inevitably" in the passage is closest in meaning to

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4. CONCEPT A basic element of science is the concept, a mental construct that represents some part of the world, inevitably in a simplified from. "Society" is itself a concept, as the structural parts of societies, such as "the family" and the economy. Sociologists also use concepts to describe individuals when we speak of "race" or "social class".   (1) A variable is a concept whose value changes form case to case. The familiar variable "price", for example, changes from item to item Iike a supermarket. Similarly, we use the concept social class to identify people as upper class, middle class, working class or lower class.     (2) The use of variables depends on measurement, the process of determining the value of a variable in a specific case. Some variables are easy to measure, as when the checkout clerk adds up the cost of our groceries. But measuring sociological variables can be far more difficult. For example, how would you measure a person's social class? You might look at clothing, listen to patterns of speech, or note a home address. Or trying to be more precise, you might ask about income, occupation and education.   (3) Because almost any variable can be measured in more than one way, sociologist often have to make a judgment about which factors to consider. For example, having a very high income comes from selling automobiles, an occupation most people think of as middle class? Would having only an eight-grade education make the person lower class? In this case, sociologists sensibly but arbitrarily combine these three measures –income, occupation, and education to assign social class.     (4) Sociologist face another interesting problem in measuring variables: dealing with vast numbers of people. How, for instance, do you describe income for thousands or even millions of people? Reporting streams of numbers carries little meaning and tells us nothing about the people as a whole. Thus sociologists use statistical measures to describe people.  Source: Sociology John J. Macionis, Eight Edition Question: The term  "working class" in the passage is closest in meaning to

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Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the...
The word "precise" in the passage is closest in meaning to
The word "inevitably" in the passage is closest in meaning to
CONCEPT ...
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