Structure And Bonding Part 1

Explanation
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain the element carbon. This field of chemistry focuses on the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of carbon-based compounds. Carbon is unique in its ability to form a wide variety of molecules due to its ability to form multiple bonds with other elements. Organic chemistry plays a crucial role in various scientific disciplines, including medicine, pharmacology, materials science, and biochemistry. By understanding the behavior and properties of carbon-based compounds, scientists can develop new drugs, materials, and technologies that have a significant impact on our daily lives.

Explanation
The statement is true because elements in the same column of the periodic table, also known as groups or families, have the same number of valence electrons. This similarity in electronic configuration results in similar chemical properties among these elements. The valence electrons determine the reactivity and bonding behavior of an element, so elements in the same column tend to have similar reactivity and form similar types of compounds.

Explanation
Bonding is a favorable process because it leads to lower energy and increased stability. When atoms bond together, they form more stable arrangements by filling their outer electron shells. This results in a decrease in potential energy and an increase in stability. Therefore, the statement that bonding always leads to higher energy and increased stability is incorrect.

Explanation
The covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons. In the given options, H2O (water), CO (carbon monoxide), and CH3CH3 (ethane) have covalent bonds because they involve the sharing of electrons between the atoms. NaCl (sodium chloride) and AgO3 (silver trioxide) do not have covalent bonds as they involve the transfer of electrons, resulting in ionic bonding.

Explanation
The correct answer is 109.5 degrees because in a methane molecule (CH4), the carbon atom is at the center and the four hydrogen atoms are arranged in a tetrahedral shape around it. In a tetrahedral shape, the bond angles between the carbon and hydrogen atoms are all equal and are approximately 109.5 degrees.

Explanation
An sp3 hybrid orbital is formed by the combination of one s orbital and three p orbitals. The s orbital contributes 25% to the sp3 hybrid orbital, while each of the three p orbitals contributes 75% (25% each). Therefore, the correct answer is 25% for the s-character of an sp3 hybrid orbital.