Psy 201 Chapter 3/4

Ian explained a little bit about this during the Jeopardy review game. Genes ------> DNA -------> chromosomes.

REM rebound refers to the phenomenon where there is an increase in the amount and intensity of REM sleep following a period of REM sleep deprivation. This means that after being deprived of REM sleep, the body compensates by increasing the amount of time spent in REM sleep during subsequent sleep cycles. This rebound effect is believed to be a result of the body's need to restore and prioritize REM sleep, which is important for various cognitive and emotional processes.

The statement is true because gender roles are societal expectations and norms that dictate how individuals should behave based on their assigned sex. These expectations often reinforce stereotypes and traditional roles for males and females. Society expects males to be assertive, independent, and strong, while females are expected to be nurturing, emotional, and submissive. These expectations can vary across cultures and change over time, but they play a significant role in shaping individual behavior and societal norms.

Freud was most interested in the latent content of dreams, which refers to the hidden meaning behind them. He believed that dreams were a way for the unconscious mind to express repressed desires, fears, and conflicts. By analyzing the latent content, Freud aimed to uncover the unconscious thoughts and emotions that influenced a person's behavior and mental well-being. This focus on the hidden meaning of dreams was a central aspect of Freud's psychoanalytic theory and his approach to understanding the human psyche.

Our gender identity is shaped by the gender assigned to us by society. This means that we develop a sense of being either male or female based on societal expectations and norms. This gender identity may align with our biological sex or it may differ from it. Therefore, the statement "As a consequence of the gender assigned to us by society, we develop a gender identity, which means that we have a sense of being male or female" is true.

Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as circadian rhythm. This internal clock regulates various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and body temperature. The circadian rhythm is influenced by external cues, such as light and darkness, and helps to maintain a consistent sleep pattern and overall bodily function. REM sleep, narcolepsy, and hypnagogic sensations are not directly related to the regulation of body temperature.

Adoption studies aim to determine the extent to which genetics play a role in shaping personality. To achieve this, researchers compare the personalities of adopted children with those of nonadopted children. By evaluating whether adopted children's personalities align more closely with their adoptive parents or their biological parents, researchers can infer the influence of genetics on personality traits. This approach allows for a better understanding of the genetic factors that contribute to individual differences in personality.

Inattentional blindness refers to the phenomenon where individuals fail to notice or perceive visible objects or stimuli when their attention is focused on something else. This occurs because our attention is limited, and we can only process a certain amount of information at a time. When our attention is occupied with a particular task or stimulus, we may completely overlook other objects or details that are within our visual field. This can result in a lack of awareness or conscious perception of those objects, leading to inattentional blindness.

Children and youth are particularly responsive to influences of their peers. Peers play a significant role in shaping their behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. During adolescence, individuals often seek acceptance and validation from their peers, leading them to conform to peer norms and engage in similar activities. Peer relationships also provide opportunities for socialization, learning, and the development of important social skills. As children spend a considerable amount of time with their peers, they are more likely to be influenced by them compared to other individuals such as fathers, teachers, and caretakers.

When a person continues to use a psychoactive drug, their body develops tolerance to it. This means that over time, the same dose of the drug will have a diminished effect. In order to achieve the desired effect, the user will need to take larger doses of the drug. This is because their body has adapted to the drug and requires a higher amount to produce the same effect.

The given answer, "cultural norms," is a suitable explanation for the question. The statement mentions that personal space varies across different cultures, indicating that it is influenced by the cultural norms of each society. Cultural norms refer to the shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that are considered acceptable and expected within a particular culture. Therefore, the differences in personal space preferences can be attributed to the cultural norms of each respective culture.

The correct answer is that temperament seems to be biologically based and tends to remain stable throughout life. This is supported by research that shows that temperament, which refers to a person's innate characteristics and behavioral tendencies, tends to be consistent and enduring across different stages of life. It is believed that temperament is influenced by genetic factors and early brain development, which contribute to its stability over time.

Evolutionary psychologists study how our behaviors and traits have evolved over time through the process of natural selection. They are interested in understanding how certain adaptations have been favored and passed on through generations because they provide a survival advantage. By focusing on the natural selection of the fittest adaptations, evolutionary psychologists aim to explain why certain behaviors and traits are more prevalent in a population compared to others. This approach helps shed light on the evolutionary origins of human behavior and cognition.

During infancy and early childhood, experience activates and preserves neural connections that might otherwise die from disuse. This means that the brain needs to be stimulated in order to develop and maintain these connections. Without stimulation, the connections may weaken and eventually die off. Therefore, providing a rich environment and experiences for children during these years is crucial for their brain development.

With narcolepsy, the person suffers from periodic, overwhelming sleepiness. This means that they experience sudden and uncontrollable episodes of extreme sleepiness throughout the day. On the other hand, with sleep apnea, the person intermittently stops breathing. This occurs during sleep when the airway becomes blocked or collapses, causing brief pauses in breathing. Both narcolepsy and sleep apnea are sleep disorders that can significantly impact a person's quality of sleep and overall well-being.

Which was NOT one of the four sleep theories in Chapter 3.

Hypnosis has been widely recognized as a useful tool for pain management. It involves inducing a relaxed and focused state of mind, allowing individuals to become more receptive to suggestions and imagery that can alleviate pain. Through hypnosis, individuals can learn techniques to control their perception of pain, reduce anxiety, and promote relaxation. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of hypnosis in relieving various types of pain, including chronic pain, childbirth pain, and procedural pain. It is considered a safe and non-invasive method that can complement other pain management strategies.

When we register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness, we engage in parallel processing. This means that our brain processes multiple stimuli simultaneously and unconsciously. On the other hand, when we devote full conscious attention to stimuli, we use serial processing. This involves focusing on one stimulus at a time and processing it sequentially.