Endocrine Review Exam 2 Questions

Growth hormone is responsible for promoting growth of the entire body by affecting protein formation, cell multiplication, and cell differentiation. It stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) in the liver, which in turn promotes bone and tissue growth. Growth hormone also plays a role in regulating metabolism, increasing muscle mass, and reducing body fat. Overall, it is a crucial hormone for normal growth and development in humans.

Growth hormone releasing hormone has a positive effect on growth hormone. This means that the hormone stimulates the release and production of growth hormone in the body.

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Oxytocin is a hormone that helps in the process of expressing milk from the glands of the breast to the nipples during sucking. It also plays a role in the delivery of the baby, possibly by stimulating contractions of the uterus. Oxytocin is released in response to nipple stimulation and helps facilitate breastfeeding and the bonding between mother and baby.

ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, controls the rate of water excretion into the urine. It does this by acting on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, thus reducing the amount of water excreted in the urine. This helps to control the concentration of water in the body fluid, ensuring that the body maintains the appropriate balance of water and electrolytes.

Thyrotropin releasing hormone has a positive effect on TSH. This means that it stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland. TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones.

Corticotropin releasing hormone has a positive effect on ACTH. This means that the hormone stimulates the release of ACTH, which in turn stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

The growth hormone inhibitory hormone has a negative effect on growth hormone. This means that it suppresses or inhibits the production or release of growth hormone in the body.

Prolactin inhibitory hormone has a negative effect on prolactin. This means that it suppresses or decreases the production or release of prolactin.

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroxine hormone. This can lead to various symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, anxiety, irritability, and difficulty sleeping. The overproduction of thyroxine disrupts the normal functioning of the body, affecting metabolism, heart rate, and other bodily functions. Treatment options for hyperthyroidism include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery.

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) controls the rate of secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland. TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are hormones that regulate metabolism and growth in the body. When the levels of T4 and T3 in the blood are low, the pituitary gland releases TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce and release more hormones. Conversely, when the levels of T4 and T3 are high, the pituitary gland reduces the secretion of TSH to decrease thyroid hormone production.

The given correct answer is "down." This suggests that the mentioned factors, such as somatostatin, somatiomedins, obesity, ageing, hyperglycemia, and pregnancy, have a regulatory effect on the secretion of growth hormone, specifically causing a decrease or inhibition in its secretion.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone has a positive effect on LH and FSH. This means that it stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. LH and FSH are essential hormones for the regulation of reproductive function in both males and females. They play a crucial role in the development and maturation of the gonads, as well as the production of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Therefore, the positive effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone on LH and FSH is necessary for proper reproductive function.

Prolactin is a hormone that promotes mammary gland development and milk production in females. It is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in lactation. Prolactin levels increase during pregnancy and after childbirth, stimulating the growth and development of the mammary glands. It also stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands, allowing for breastfeeding and nourishment of the newborn.

The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, which is an important hormone for calcium metabolism. Calcitonin helps regulate the levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, cells that break down bone tissue and release calcium into the bloodstream. This hormone also promotes the uptake of calcium by the bones, reducing its concentration in the blood. Therefore, calcitonin plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body.

Prolactinomas are benign tumors of the pituitary gland that cause excessive production of prolactin hormone. This leads to a condition called hyperprolactinemia. Hyperpituitarism, on the other hand, refers to the excessive production of hormones by the pituitary gland. Since prolactinomas specifically cause an excess of prolactin, it can be considered a form of hyperpituitarism. Therefore, the correct answer is hyperpituitarism.

Sheehan syndrome is a condition that occurs due to severe blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth. This leads to the necrosis (death) of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for producing several hormones. As a result, the pituitary gland is unable to function properly, leading to hypopituitarism. Hypopituitarism is characterized by a deficiency in one or more pituitary hormones, which can cause various symptoms and complications. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is hypopituitarism.

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is controlled by a hypothalamic hormone called TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone). TRH is released by the hypothalamus and acts on the pituitary gland to stimulate the production and release of TSH. TSH, in turn, regulates the function of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for producing and releasing thyroid hormones. Therefore, TRH plays a crucial role in the regulation of TSH and the overall functioning of the thyroid gland.

Hyperpituitarism refers to the excessive production of hormones by the pituitary gland, including growth hormone. In the case of acromegaly or giantism, there is an overproduction of growth hormone, leading to abnormal growth and enlargement of body parts. Therefore, hyperpituitarism is the correct answer as it accurately describes the condition caused by the excessive growth hormone production.

TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones. Therefore, TSH increases thyroid secretion.

Hypopituitarism is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the production of hormones by the pituitary gland. In the case of pituitary dwarfism, there is a specific deficiency in the production of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland. This results in stunted growth and development, leading to the characteristic short stature seen in individuals with pituitary dwarfism. Therefore, hypopituitarism is the correct answer as it accurately describes the deficiency in GH production that causes pituitary dwarfism.

Hypopituitarism is a condition characterized by the deficiency or absence of one or more pituitary hormones. This condition can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, tumors, infections, or trauma to the pituitary gland. Therefore, it is likely that the given proposition states that related factors can cause hypopituitarism.

Thyroid hormones have the ability to increase the metabolic activities of almost all of the tissues in the body. This means that they can enhance the rate at which these tissues utilize energy and carry out various biochemical reactions. By increasing the metabolic activities, thyroid hormones can have a wide range of effects on the body, including regulating body temperature, promoting growth and development, and maintaining overall metabolic balance.

Sleep, hormones related to puberty, starvation, exercise, and hypoglycemia all have a stimulatory effect on the regulation of growth hormone secretion. These factors increase the release of growth hormone, leading to an "up" regulation.

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism. When there is an excess of these hormones, it significantly accelerates the body's metabolism, leading to symptoms such as sudden weight loss, a rapid irregular heartbeat, sweating, and nervousness or irritability. Therefore, hyperthyroidism is the correct answer for the given symptoms.

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This can result in the overproduction of thyroid hormones and lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and bulging eyes. In some cases, the antibodies responsible for attacking the thyroid can also affect the tissue behind the eyes and skin, as well as the lower legs and shins.

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are two separate gonadotropic hormones that control the growth of the ovaries and testes, as well as their hormonal and reproductive activities. FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in males. LH is responsible for triggering ovulation in females and stimulating the production of testosterone in males. Together, FSH and LH play crucial roles in regulating the reproductive system and maintaining fertility.

Hyperpituitarism is the excessive production of hormones by the pituitary gland. In the case of Cushing's disease, too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced, which stimulates the adrenal glands to release excessive cortisol. This overproduction of cortisol leads to various symptoms associated with Cushing's disease, such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and changes in the appearance of the face and body. Therefore, the correct answer is hyperpituitarism, as it accurately describes the condition caused by the excessive production of ACTH in Cushings disease.

Deficiency of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, and occasionally adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) can result in hypopituitarism. This condition occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce adequate amounts of one or more of these hormones. Symptoms may include growth failure, low energy levels, infertility, menstrual irregularities, and decreased libido. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore normal hormone levels and manage the associated symptoms.

Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone from birth. Symptoms of this condition include a puffy face, a dull look, and a thick protruding tongue. Therefore, the correct answer is "all the above."

Corticosteroids are synthesized from the steroid cholesterol. Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is found in high amounts in animal tissues. It serves as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of various hormones, including corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are a class of hormones that are involved in regulating a wide range of physiological processes, such as immune response, metabolism, and stress response. Therefore, cholesterol acts as a starting material for the production of corticosteroids in the body.

Mineralcorticoids are a type of steroid hormone that regulate the balance of electrolytes, particularly sodium and potassium, in the extracellular fluids. They are produced by the adrenal glands and act on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium. This helps to maintain the proper balance of these electrolytes in the body, which is essential for normal cell function and overall health.

In individuals who are hypothyroid, the rate of growth is significantly slowed down.

Congenital Hypothyroidism is a condition that affects infants from birth and is characterized by a partial or complete loss of thyroid function. This means that the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough thyroid hormones, which are essential for the normal growth and development of the body. Without these hormones, infants with congenital hypothyroidism may experience symptoms such as slow growth, developmental delays, and intellectual disability. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications and ensure proper thyroid hormone levels in affected infants.

Glucocorticoids are a type of hormone that is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. These hormones play a crucial role in increasing blood glucose concentration by promoting gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and fats. Glucocorticoids also inhibit the uptake and utilization of glucose by various tissues, thereby increasing its availability in the bloodstream. This effect is important for providing the body with a quick source of energy during times of stress or fasting.

The two main adrenaocortical hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids. Mineralcorticoids, such as aldosterone, regulate the balance of minerals, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play a role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. These hormones are essential for maintaining proper bodily functions and overall health.

The adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are a group of hormones that are involved in regulating various processes in the body, such as metabolism, immune response, and stress response. These hormones are essential for maintaining homeostasis and play a crucial role in the body's overall functioning.

Graves Disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. This overproduction of thyroid hormone leads to hyperthyroidism, causing symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, tremors, and anxiety. It is characterized by the presence of these specific antibodies, known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to and activate the thyroid gland.

The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which increase the metabolic rate of the body. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, energy production, and growth. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine help to control the rate at which cells convert nutrients into energy, impacting various bodily functions such as heart rate, body temperature, and digestion.

The Zona Glomerulosa is a region in the adrenal cortex that secretes aldosterone, a hormone involved in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. It is controlled by angiotensin II, a hormone that is produced in response to low blood pressure and stimulates the release of aldosterone.

The adrenal glands secrete small amounts of sex hormones, specifically androgenic hormones. Androgenic hormones are responsible for the development and maintenance of male characteristics, such as facial hair growth and deepening of the voice. They also play a role in female reproductive health. Therefore, the correct answer is androgenic.

The Zona Fasciculate is responsible for secreting cortisol, androgens, and ACTH. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress levels. Androgens are a group of hormones that includes testosterone and play a role in the development of male characteristics. ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

The Zona Reticularis is a layer of the adrenal cortex that secretes cortisol, androgens, and is controlled by ACTH. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that regulates metabolism and immune response. Androgens are male sex hormones that play a role in the development of male sexual characteristics. ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of cortisol and androgens from the adrenal glands.

Adrenocorticotropin controls the secretion of some of the adrenocortical hormones. Adrenocorticotropin, also known as ACTH, is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and release cortisol, a stress hormone, as well as other hormones such as aldosterone and androgens. ACTH acts as a regulator of the adrenal cortex, influencing its hormone production and maintaining homeostasis in the body.