Chapter 19 - Cardiovascular System: The Blood
When taking a look at the cardiovascular system, most will focus on the heart itself as the thing to focus on. While it is vastly important however, what you also need to know about is what the heart is pumping all around your body – the crimson gold that keeps us going, known as blood.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Plasma minus its clotting proteins is termed ______________.
- A.
Plasmin
- B.
Buffy coat
- C.
Serum
- D.
Thin blood
Correct Answer
C. SerumExplanation
Plasma minus its clotting proteins is called serum. When blood is allowed to clot, it separates into two components: the solid clot and the liquid serum. Serum does not contain clotting factors, as they are removed during the clotting process. Therefore, serum is the correct term for plasma without its clotting proteins.Rate this question:
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- 2.
____________ is the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot that helps to bring the edges of a damaged vessel closer together.
- A.
Suture
- B.
Collagen
- C.
Fibrin
- D.
Clot retraction
Correct Answer
D. Clot retractionExplanation
Clot retraction refers to the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot, which helps to bring the edges of a damaged vessel closer together. This process is important in the healing of wounds and the prevention of excessive bleeding. Clot retraction involves the contraction of platelets and the rearrangement of fibrin strands, resulting in the formation of a more stable clot. This allows for the subsequent stages of tissue repair to take place.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Hemoglobin functions in transporting both oxygen and carbon dioxide and in regulating blood pressure.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that plays a crucial role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carrying carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Additionally, hemoglobin also helps in maintaining blood pressure by regulating the release of nitric oxide, a molecule that relaxes and dilates blood vessels. Therefore, it is correct to say that hemoglobin functions in transporting both oxygen and carbon dioxide and in regulating blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The most numerous white blood cells in a differential white blood cell count of a healthy individual are the neutrophils.
- A.
False
- B.
True
Correct Answer
B. TrueExplanation
Neutrophils are indeed the most numerous white blood cells in a differential white blood cell count of a healthy individual. They play a crucial role in the immune response by engulfing and destroying bacteria and other foreign substances. This high number of neutrophils is a normal finding in a healthy individual and helps to maintain the body's defense against infections.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following are not required for clot formation? (1) vitamin K; (2) calcium; (3) prostacyclin; (4) plasmin; (5) fibrinogen
- A.
1, 2, and 5
- B.
3, 4, and 5
- C.
4 and 5
- D.
1, 2, and 3
- E.
3 and 4
Correct Answer
E. 3 and 4Explanation
Clot formation requires vitamin K, calcium, and fibrinogen. Vitamin K is necessary for the production of certain clotting factors, calcium is required for the activation of these clotting factors, and fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which forms the meshwork of the clot. Prostacyclin inhibits platelet aggregation and plasmin is responsible for breaking down the clot. Therefore, prostacyclin (3) and plasmin (4) are not required for clot formation.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Place the steps involved in hemstasis in the correct order. (1) conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin; (2) conversion of prothrombin into thrombin; (3) adhesion and aggregation of platelets on damaged vessel; (4) prothrombinase formed by extrinsic or intrinsic pathway; (5) reduction of blood loss by initiation of a vascular spasm.
- A.
5, 3, 4, 2, 1
- B.
5, 4, 3, 1, 2
- C.
3, 5, 4, 2, 1
- D.
5, 3, 2, 1, 4
- E.
5, 3, 2, 4, 1
Correct Answer
A. 5, 3, 4, 2, 1Explanation
The correct order of the steps involved in hemostasis is as follows: First, there is a reduction of blood loss by the initiation of a vascular spasm (step 5). Then, platelets adhere to and aggregate on the damaged vessel (step 3). Next, the prothrombinase is formed by either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway (step 4). After that, prothrombin is converted into thrombin (step 2). Finally, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin (step 1). This sequence of events allows for the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following statements explain why red blood cells (RBCs) are highly specialized for oxygen transport? (1) RBCs contain hemoglobin; (2) RBCs lack a nucleus; (3) RBCs have many mitochondria and thus generate ATP aerobically; (4) The bioncave shape of RBCs provides a large surface area for the inward and outward diffusion of gas molecules; (5) RBCs can carry up to four oxygen molecules for each hemoglobin molecule.
- A.
1, 2, 3, 5
- B.
1, 2, 4, 5
- C.
2, 3, 4, 5
- D.
1, 3, 5
- E.
2, 4, 5
Correct Answer
B. 1, 2, 4, 5Explanation
Red blood cells (RBCs) are highly specialized for oxygen transport because they contain hemoglobin, which is responsible for binding and carrying oxygen. Additionally, RBCs lack a nucleus, allowing for more space to accommodate hemoglobin and increasing their oxygen-carrying capacity. The biconcave shape of RBCs provides a large surface area for the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Lastly, RBCs can carry up to four oxygen molecules for each hemoglobin molecule, maximizing their oxygen-carrying capacity.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following are true? (1) White blood cells (WBCs) leave the blood stream by emigration; (2) Adhesion molecules help WBCs stick to the endothelium, which aids emigration; (3) Neutrophils and macrophages are active in phagocytosis; (4) The attraction of phagocytes to microbes and inflamed tissue is termed chemotaxis; (5) Leukopenia is an increase in WBC count that occurs during infection.
- A.
1, 2, 4, 5
- B.
2, 3, 4, 5
- C.
1, 2, 3, 4
- D.
1, 3, 5
- E.
1, 2, 4
Correct Answer
C. 1, 2, 3, 4Explanation
The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, 4. White blood cells (WBCs) leave the blood stream by emigration, which is facilitated by adhesion molecules that help them stick to the endothelium. Neutrophils and macrophages are both active in phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens. The attraction of phagocytes to microbes and inflamed tissue is called chemotaxis.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A person with type A Rh- blood can receive a blood transfusion from which of the following types? (1) A Rh+ (2) B Rh- (3) AB Rh- (4) O Rh- (5) A Rh-
- A.
1 only
- B.
3 only
- C.
4 only
- D.
4 and 5
- E.
1 and 5
Correct Answer
D. 4 and 5Explanation
A person with type A Rh- blood can receive a blood transfusion from individuals who have the same blood type or individuals who have O Rh- blood type. This is because individuals with type A Rh- blood have antibodies against the Rh antigen, which is present in types A Rh+ and B Rh- blood. However, they can receive blood from individuals with O Rh- blood type because O blood type does not have the Rh antigen. Therefore, the correct answer is 4 and 5.Rate this question:
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- 10.
A person with B positive blood receives a transfusion of type AB positive blood. What will happen?
- A.
The recipient's antibodies will react with the donor's RBCs
- B.
The donor's antigens will destroy the recipient's antibodies
- C.
The donor's antibodies will react with and destroy all the recipient's RBCs
- D.
The recipient's blood type will change from Rh+ to Rh-
- E.
These blood types are compatible, and the transfusion will be accepted
Correct Answer
A. The recipient's antibodies will react with the donor's RBCsExplanation
When a person with B positive blood receives a transfusion of type AB positive blood, the recipient's antibodies, which are naturally present in their blood, will react with the donor's red blood cells (RBCs). This is because the recipient's antibodies recognize the antigens on the donor's RBCs as foreign and initiate an immune response. This reaction can lead to a transfusion reaction, causing symptoms such as fever, chills, and potentially more severe complications.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What happens to the iron (Fe3+) that is released during the breakdown of damaged RBCs?
- A.
It is used to synthesize proteins
- B.
It is transported to the liver where it becomes part of bile
- C.
It is converted into urobilin and excreted in urine
- D.
It attaches to transferrin and is transported to bone marrow for use in hemoglobin synthesis
- E.
It is utilized by intestinal bacteria to convert bilirubin into urobilinogen
Correct Answer
D. It attaches to transferrin and is transported to bone marrow for use in hemoglobin synthesisExplanation
When iron (Fe3+) is released during the breakdown of damaged red blood cells (RBCs), it attaches to transferrin, a protein that binds and transports iron in the blood. Transferrin then carries the iron to the bone marrow, where it is used in the synthesis of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an essential component of RBCs, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Therefore, the iron released from damaged RBCs is recycled and utilized in the production of new RBCs in the bone marrow.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following would not cause an increase in erythropoietin?
- A.
Anemia
- B.
High altitude
- C.
Hemorrahage
- D.
Donating blood to a blood bank
- E.
Polycythemia
Correct Answer
E. PolycythemiaExplanation
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an excessive increase in the number of red blood cells in the body. In this condition, the blood becomes thicker and more viscous. Since erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate the production of red blood cells, it is logical to assume that polycythemia would cause a decrease in erythropoietin levels, as the body already has an excess of red blood cells. Therefore, polycythemia would not cause an increase in erythropoietin.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Contain hemoglobin & function in gas transport.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
8Explanation
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and function in gas transport.Rate this question:
- 14.
Cell fragments enclosed by a piece of the cell membrane of megakaryocytes; contain clotting factors.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
14Explanation
Platelets are cell fragments enclosed by a piece of the cell membrane of megakaryocytes. They are involved in blood clotting and contain clotting factors.Rate this question:
- 15.
Individual forms of progenitor cells; named on the basis of the mature elements in blood they will ultimately produce.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
7Explanation
Colony-forming units are individual forms of progenitor cells that give rise to different types of blood cells. They are named based on the mature elements in the blood they will ultimately produce. Therefore, option 7, colony-forming units, is the correct answer.Rate this question:
- 16.
White blood cell showing a kidney-shaped nucleus; capable of phagocytosis.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
3Explanation
The given description of a white blood cell with a kidney-shaped nucleus and the ability to perform phagocytosis matches the characteristics of monocytes. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that have a large, kidney-shaped nucleus and are capable of engulfing and destroying foreign particles through phagocytosis. Therefore, the correct answer is 3.Rate this question:
- 17.
Monocytes that roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
16Explanation
Wandering macrophages are a type of monocyte that roams the tissues and gathers at sites of infection or inflammation. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages, which are responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens. Therefore, option 16, wandering macrophages, is the correct answer.Rate this question:
- 18.
Occur as B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
2Explanation
The correct answer is 2 because lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that includes B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. These cells are important for the immune response and play a key role in fighting off infections and diseases.Rate this question:
- 19.
Give rise to red blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils & platelets.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
11Explanation
Myeloid stem cells give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets.Rate this question:
- 20.
Combat the effects of histamine and other mediators of inflammation in allergic reactions; also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
4Explanation
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that combat the effects of histamine and other mediators of inflammation in allergic reactions. They are also involved in phagocytizing antigen-antibody complexes.Rate this question:
- 21.
Respond to tissue destruction by bacteria; release lysozyme, strong oxidants, & defensins.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
1Explanation
Neutrophils are the correct answer because they are a type of white blood cell that responds to tissue destruction by bacteria. They release lysozyme, strong oxidants, and defensins, which help to kill and destroy the bacteria. Neutrophils are part of the innate immune system and are one of the first responders to infection or tissue damage. They are highly effective at phagocytosis and are able to engulf and destroy bacteria.Rate this question:
- 22.
Older neutrophils with several differently shaped nuclear lobes.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
10Explanation
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune response to infections. They are characterized by their multi-lobed nucleus, with older neutrophils having several differently shaped nuclear lobes. The given answer, 10, corresponds to "polymorphs", which is another term for neutrophils. Therefore, the correct answer is 10.Rate this question:
- 23.
Released from the red bone marrow, they develop into mature red blood cells.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
9Explanation
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are released from the red bone marrow. As they continue to mature, they lose their reticulum and become fully functional red blood cells. Therefore, reticulocytes are the correct answer to the given question.Rate this question:
- 24.
Give rise to lymphocytes.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
12Explanation
Lymphoid cells give rise to lymphocytes.Rate this question:
- 25.
Cells no longer capable of replenshing themselves; can only give rise to more specific formed elements of blood.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
13Explanation
Progenitor cells are cells that are more specialized than pluripotent cells but less specialized than fully differentiated cells. They are capable of giving rise to more specific formed elements of blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Therefore, the correct answer is 13.Rate this question:
- 26.
Hormone that stimulates formation of platelets.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
18Explanation
Thrombopoietin is the hormone that stimulates the formation of platelets.Rate this question:
- 27.
Monocytes that leave the blood and reside in a particular tissue such as alveolar macrophages in the lungs.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
15Explanation
Fixed macrophages are a type of immune cell that reside in a particular tissue and do not circulate in the bloodstream. They are found in various organs and tissues, including the lungs where they are called alveolar macrophages. These macrophages play a crucial role in immune defense by engulfing and destroying pathogens and cellular debris. Therefore, the given answer, 15, which corresponds to fixed macrophages, is correct.Rate this question:
- 28.
Involved in inflammatory & allergic reactions; are involved in hypersensitivity reactions.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
5Explanation
Basophils are involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions and play a role in hypersensitivity reactions. They release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation and attract other immune cells to the site of inflammation. Basophils are a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system. They are typically found in low numbers in the bloodstream but can increase in response to certain triggers, such as allergies or parasitic infections.Rate this question:
- 29.
Stimulate white blood cell formation.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
19Explanation
The correct answer is 19 because cytokines are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in stimulating the formation of white blood cells. Cytokines can regulate the production, differentiation, and maturation of various immune cells, including white blood cells. Therefore, by stimulating the production of cytokines, the formation of white blood cells can be enhanced.Rate this question:
- 30.
Cells that give rise to all the formed elements in blood.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
6Explanation
Pluripotent cells are the cells that give rise to all the formed elements in blood, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, red blood cells, reticulocytes, polymorphs, platelets, fixed macrophages, and wandering macrophages. These pluripotent cells are capable of differentiating into various types of blood cells and are the source of all the different cell types found in the blood.Rate this question:
- 31.
Hormone that increases the numbers of red blood cell precursors.Enter 1-19 (no spaces/parenthesis). (1) neutrophils; (2) lymphocytes; (3) monocytes; (4) eosinophils; (5) basophils; (6) pluripotent cells; (7) colony-forming units; (8) red blood cells; (9) reticulocytes; (10) polymorphs; (11) myeloid stem cells; (12) lymphoid cells; (13) progenitor cells; (14) platelets; (15) fixed macrophages; (16) wandering macrophages; (17) erythropoietin; (18) thrombopoietin; (19) cytokines
Correct Answer
17Explanation
Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. It acts on pluripotent cells, which are capable of differentiating into various blood cell types, including red blood cell precursors. Erythropoietin promotes the proliferation and maturation of these precursor cells, increasing their numbers and ultimately leading to the production of more red blood cells. This hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the body, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining adequate oxygen delivery to tissues.Rate this question:
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