Fluid is returned to the blood as lymphatic fluid by the lympatic system
The net filtration is equally balanced by absorption
Gravity moves the fluid to the lowest point in the body, where the fluid is absorbed
While fluid moves out across the capillary, it tneds to move inward across veins
The kidneys are involved in the reabsorption of the remaining fluid
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
1/4
1/8
1/16
1/64
1/256
Oxygen
Nitric oxide
Adenosine
Bradykinin
Endothelin-1
Capillary diameter
Tissue hypoxia
Arteriolar resistance
Oxygen delivery
Blood pressure
About 6
About 10
About 15
About 20
Cannot be estimated ( insufficient information)
Ventricular filling occurs during systole
All valves in the heart are open
Ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure
Ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure
Ventricular pressure is decreasing
A larger P wave
A longer P wave
A longer PR interval
A wider QRS complex
And inverted T wave
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Aortic stenosis
Patent ductus arteriosus
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Atria: ventricle
Inferior vena cava: right atrium
Aortic valves: ventriuclar myocardium
Semilunar valves: atrial myocardium
Av valves: papillary muscle
Tuberculosis
Cystic fibrosis
Pleuropulmonary neolasm
Emphysema
Pneumonia
Increase in blood CO2 concentration
Decrease in blood CO2 concentration
Increase in blood bicorbonate
Decrease in blood bicarbonate
Increase in carbon monoxide
Increase in temperature
Increase in plasma pH
Increase in 2,3-DPG
Both increase in temperature and increase in 2,3-dpg
All of these
Selective decrease in P02
Selective increase in P02
Selective decrease in Pco2
Increase in P02 and decrease in Pco2
Decrease in Po2 and increae in Pco2
Increase in the parital pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Thickening of the diffusion barrier
Decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus
Both increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood and thickening of diffusion barrier
Both increase in Pco2 in blood decrease in P02 in the alveolus
it is secreted form type 1 aveolar cells
A detergent that decreases surface tension
It increases lung compliance
It makes inspiration easier
Non of the above
VT+ERV
VT+IRV+ERV
VT+ERV+IRV+RV
VT+IRV
ERV+IRV+RV
They induce bronchodilation
They induce bronchoconstriction
They reduce inflammation of the airways
They increase blood flow to the airways
They decrease mucus secretion into the airways
Insert needle into pleural sac and allow air to escape
Insert needle into chest wall and allow air to escape
Insert needle into lung and apply pressure
Insert tube into chest wall and apply vacuum
Insert tube into pleural sac and apply vacuum
External and internal intercostals
Diaphragm and external intercostals
Diaphragm and internal intercostals
Diaphragm and the external and internal intercostals
Diaphragm and abdominal muscles
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolus
Terminal bronchiole
Bronchus
They have a relatively large total cross sectional area
They have a relatively long average length and relatively low complaince
They have relatively long average length, and relatevely high compliance
A and B both contribute to that important attribute of veins
A and C both contribute to that important attribute of veins
Epithelial basement membrane: fluid and surfactant layer
Alveolar epithelium : epithelial basement membrane
Interstitial space: fluid and surfactant layer
Fluid and surfactant layer: alveolar space
None of the above are liekley directions for oxygen movement of blood
Decreased synthesis of clotting agents
Deficiency of gene for specific coagulation factor
Reduced levels of vWF
Decreased ability to manufacture RBCs
Decreased ability to limit the number of RBCs
Peroxidase
Cytochrome oxidate
The liver
Hemoglobin
The spleen
Neutrophils
Erythrocytes
Megakarycytes
Null cells
Macrophages
Liver : bilirubin
Bone marrow : erythropoietin
Kidney : transferrin
Liver : erythropoietin
Bone marrow : bilirubin
About one and a third
About one and two thirds
About two
About five
About four
40 mm gh, favoring filteration
-40 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption
10 mm Hg , favoring filteration
-10 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption
0 mm Hg, no net force
Elevate mean arterial pressure
Elevate central venous pressure
Reduce mean arterial pressure
Elevate pulmonary venous pressure
Reduce the stretch of the aorta
Blockage of lymph return
Decreased capillary permeability
Increased capillary pressure
Decreased plasma proteins
None of the above
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