Bio 377- Exam 1
- 1.
WHich of the following classes of chmical messengers travels in the bloodstream to the target cell?
- A.
Paracrine
- B.
Hormone
- C.
Neurotransmitter
- D.
Both paracrine and hormone
- E.
All of these
Correct Answer
B. Hormone -
- 2.
Chronic exposure to a ligand(messanger) __________ the receptor population for that chemical emssanger on the target cell
- A.
A decrease with specificity of
- B.
Decrease the affinity of
- C.
Upregulates
- D.
Downregulates
- E.
Changes the conformation of
Correct Answer
D. Downregulates -
- 3.
All of the following are associated with cholera toxin except__________
- A.
Gi protein
- B.
Increase in cAMP levels
- C.
Cl- release
- D.
Water loss from body
- E.
Death
Correct Answer
A. Gi protein -
- 4.
Binding of acetylocholine to _________ receptors causes a _________ by opening channels that permit both sodium and potassium to permeate the membrane
- A.
Muscarinic: depolarization
- B.
Muscarinic: hyperpolarization
- C.
Nicotinic: depolarization
- D.
Nicotinic: hyperpolarization
- E.
Nicotinic: no change in membrane potential
Correct Answer
C. Nicotinic: depolarization -
- 5.
What area of the brain initiates the flight or flight repsonse by producing widesprease activiation of the sympathetic nervous system?
- A.
Brainstem
- B.
Cerebellum
- C.
Amygdale
- D.
Limbic system
- E.
Hypothalamus
Correct Answer
E. Hypothalamus -
- 6.
The clinical manifestatiosn of myasthenia Gravis are caused by _________
- A.
Microorganisms that directly prevent ACh vesicle release or fusion
- B.
Autoimmune loss of ACh receptors
- C.
Microorganisms that indeirectly prevent vesicle release/fusion on inhibiting cells
- D.
Autoimmune loss of actin-myosin interaction
- E.
Microorganisms that directly causes loss of actin-myosin ineraction
Correct Answer
B. Autoimmune loss of ACh receptors -
- 7.
In order for crossbridge cycling to occur, the actin-myosin complex must be broken by the ___________
- A.
Binding of tropomyosin to myosin
- B.
Binding of ATP to actin
- C.
Binding of the troponin complex to actin
- D.
Comformational change occuring as myosin head changes from high to low energy state
- E.
Binding of ATP to myosin
Correct Answer
E. Binding of ATP to myosin -
- 8.
The binding of calcium to the subunit of troponin will directly (most immediately) result in _______
- A.
The binding of ATP to myosin
- B.
The further release of calcium into the cytoplasm
- C.
The movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule
- D.
Themovement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the actin binding site on the myosin molecule
- E.
The hydrolysis of atp
Correct Answer
C. The movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule -
- 9.
During skeletal muscle contraction, all of the following normally occur except:
- A.
A band shortens
- B.
I band shortens
- C.
H band shortens
- D.
Sarcomere shortens
- E.
Distance between z-line shortens
Correct Answer
A. A band shortens -
- 10.
What is the function of t tubules?
- A.
They store calcium
- B.
Actin and myosin are synthesized here
- C.
They conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell
- D.
They provide elasticity to the muscle
- E.
They hold the thick filaments to the z line
Correct Answer
C. They conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell -
- 11.
Which of the following is not part of the process whereby skeletal muscel relax?
- A.
Sarcolemma calcium channels open to allow the efflux of calcium
- B.
The binding of calcium to a low affinity site closes sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channels
- C.
A calcium pump actively removes calcium
- D.
Amount of calcium bound to troponin decreases
- E.
a myosin binding site on the actin molecule is blocked by tropomyosin
Correct Answer
A. Sarcolemma calcium channels open to allow the efflux of calcium -
- 12.
Once a skeletal muscle cell begins to shorten during an isotonic twitch contraction_____________
- A.
The amount of force generated by the muscle will continue to increase
- B.
The amount of forced generated by the muscle will start to decrease
- C.
The amount of force generated by the muscle will remain constant
- D.
The muscle will continue to shortten until the forece generated by the muscle stop increasing
- E.
The muscle will stop shortening one the force is greater than the load
Correct Answer
C. The amount of force generated by the muscle will remain constant -
- 13.
Which of the following is not an adaption of skeletal muscle that would be observed in response to aerobic training?
- A.
An increase in mitochondrial density
- B.
An increase in capillary density
- C.
An increase in the number of oxidative fibers
- D.
An increase in the diameter of the skeletal muscle fibers
- E.
An increase in the contraction of oxidative enzymes
Correct Answer
D. An increase in the diameter of the skeletal muscle fibers -
- 14.
All of the following ar eassociated with red skeletal muscles except:
- A.
Aerobic
- B.
More myoglobin
- C.
Slow
- D.
Low resistance to fatigue
- E.
Low force generating capacity
Correct Answer
D. Low resistance to fatigue -
- 15.
The myelin sheat that coats an axon acts to__________
- A.
Decrease ion permeability to the nodes of ranvier
- B.
Increas leakage of ions across the membrane
- C.
Decrease anxonal conduction velocity
- D.
Increase a membranes ion permeability
- E.
Reduce a membranes ion permeability
Correct Answer
E. Reduce a membranes ion permeability -
- 16.
The opening of NA+ channels cause a rapid ______ of Na+ that _______ the neurons membrane
- A.
Efflux: hyperpolarizes
- B.
Influx: hyperpolarizes
- C.
Efflux: depolarizes
- D.
Influx: depolarizes
- E.
Efflux: repolarizes
Correct Answer
D. Influx: depolarizes -
- 17.
The mechanism of the A.P that underlies the absolute refratory period is the ___________
- A.
Chloride inactivation gate
- B.
Potassium activation gate
- C.
Potassium inactivation gate
- D.
Sodium activation gate
- E.
Sodium inactivation gate
Correct Answer
E. Sodium inactivation gate -
- 18.
The synaptic delay is caused by ___________
- A.
The time required for calcium entry to trigger exocytosis
- B.
The time required for the synthessis of neurotransmitter
- C.
The time required for packaging of neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles
- D.
The time required for an action potential to move from axon hillock to axon terminal
- E.
The time required for the neurotransimitter to diffuse across the synaptic cleft
Correct Answer
A. The time required for calcium entry to trigger exocytosis -
- 19.
Suprathreshold graded potentials within a neuron can generate _________ action potentials at the axon hillock, which allows for the __________ of the magnitude of the stimulus
- A.
Multiple: amplitude coding
- B.
Multiple: frequency coding
- C.
A single: frequency coding
- D.
A single: amplitude coding
- E.
Several: amplitude coding
Correct Answer
B. Multiple: frequency coding -
- 20.
Which of the following is most closely associated with metabolic receptors?
- A.
The neuromusclar junction
- B.
Fast responses
- C.
Ion channel opening
- D.
Ion channel closing
- E.
Enzyme cascades
Correct Answer
E. Enzyme cascades -
- 21.
According to the lecutre notes, conscious spatial and manual manipulation are a product of:
- A.
Thalamus
- B.
Hypothalamus
- C.
Both sides of the cortex
- D.
The left cortical hemisphere only
- E.
The right cortical hemisphere only
Correct Answer
E. The right cortical hemisphere only -
- 22.
Viral or bacteral infections in the brain are most closely associated with which pathology?
- A.
Meningitis
- B.
Altzheimers
- C.
Stroke
- D.
Epilepsy
- E.
Aneursym
Correct Answer
A. Meningitis -
- 23.
For the stretch reflex, the essential and primary neuron for muscle contraction is the:
- A.
Alpha motor neuron
- B.
Beta motor neuron
- C.
Gamma motor neuron
- D.
Stretch receptor cells
- E.
Renshaw cell
Correct Answer
A. Alpha motor neuron -
- 24.
A ___________ reflex involves a single synapse between two neurons
- A.
Bineuronal
- B.
Bisynaptic
- C.
Polysnaptic
- D.
Monosynaptic
- E.
Polyneuronal
Correct Answer
D. Monosynaptic -
- 25.
What area of the brain controls language comprehension
- A.
Brocas area
- B.
Wernickes area
- C.
Amygdale
- D.
Limbic system
- E.
Corpus collasum
Correct Answer
B. Wernickes area -
- 26.
If on personally percieves light ot be increased by a factor of 4, the light was _________ in reality
- A.
Half as bright
- B.
Twice as bright
- C.
Eight times brighter
- D.
One hundred time brighter
- E.
One thousand times brighter
Correct Answer
D. One hundred time brighter -
- 27.
The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called________
- A.
Signal generation
- B.
Signal production
- C.
Signal transduction
- D.
Signal conversion
- E.
Modality conversion
Correct Answer
C. Signal transduction -
- 28.
The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing: visual details are _____________
- A.
Intergrated before reaching the primary visual cortex
- B.
Integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex
- C.
Transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are integrated
- D.
Maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated
- E.
Transmitted to the lateral geniculated body where they are integrated
Correct Answer
C. Transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are integrated -
- 29.
A neural phenomenon that is believe to have a post synaptic origin involving calcium is:
- A.
Post tetanic potentiation
- B.
Facilitation
- C.
Neural adaption
- D.
Reciprocal inhibition
- E.
Later inhibition
Correct Answer
A. Post tetanic potentiation -
- 30.
The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, poatssium moves ________ the cell , causing it to________________
- A.
Into: depolarize
- B.
Out of: hyperpolarize
- C.
Into: hyperpolarize
- D.
Out of: depolarize
- E.
equally into and out of: depolarize
Correct Answer
A. Into: depolarize -
- 31.
Depolarization of hair cells in the utricle occurs when __________
- A.
The head is titled to the left
- B.
The head is tilted to the right
- C.
The head is tilted forward
- D.
The hair cells blends toward the kinocilium
- E.
The hair cell bends away from the kinocilium
Correct Answer
D. The hair cells blends toward the kinocilium -
- 32.
Later inhibition is most closely associated with ____________
- A.
Spatial summation
- B.
Temporal summation
- C.
Image magnification
- D.
Feed forward inhibition
- E.
Border enhancement
Correct Answer
E. Border enhancement -
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Mar 15, 2022Quiz Edited by
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Dec 11, 2011Quiz Created by
Kara.dubiel
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