Bio 377- Exam 1

1. What area of the brain initiates the flight or flight repsonse by producing widesprease activiation of the sympathetic nervous system?

Brainstem

Cerebellum

Amygdale

Limbic system

Hypothalamus

2. Viral or bacteral infections in the brain are most closely associated with which pathology?

Meningitis

Altzheimers

Stroke

Epilepsy

Aneursym

3. The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called________

Signal generation

Signal production

Signal transduction

Signal conversion

Modality conversion

4. The opening of NA+ channels cause a rapid of Na+ that _ the neurons membrane

Efflux: hyperpolarizes

Influx: hyperpolarizes

Efflux: depolarizes

Influx: depolarizes

Efflux: repolarizes

5. Which of the following is most closely associated with metabolic receptors?

The neuromusclar junction

Fast responses

Ion channel opening

Ion channel closing

Enzyme cascades

6. A ___________ reflex involves a single synapse between two neurons

Bineuronal

Bisynaptic

Polysnaptic

Monosynaptic

Polyneuronal

7. What area of the brain controls language comprehension

Brocas area

Wernickes area

Amygdale

Limbic system

Corpus collasum

8. If on personally percieves light ot be increased by a factor of 4, the light was _________ in reality

Half as bright

Twice as bright

Eight times brighter

One hundred time brighter

One thousand times brighter

9. Chronic exposure to a ligand(messanger) __________ the receptor population for that chemical emssanger on the target cell

A decrease with specificity of

Decrease the affinity of

Upregulates

Downregulates

Changes the conformation of

10. Binding of acetylocholine to _ receptors causes a _ by opening channels that permit both sodium and potassium to permeate the membrane

Muscarinic: depolarization

Muscarinic: hyperpolarization

Nicotinic: depolarization

Nicotinic: hyperpolarization

Nicotinic: no change in membrane potential

11. In order for crossbridge cycling to occur, the actin-myosin complex must be broken by the ___________

Binding of tropomyosin to myosin

Binding of ATP to actin

Binding of the troponin complex to actin

Comformational change occuring as myosin head changes from high to low energy state

Binding of ATP to myosin

12. The binding of calcium to the subunit of troponin will directly (most immediately) result in _______

The binding of ATP to myosin

The further release of calcium into the cytoplasm

The movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule

Themovement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the actin binding site on the myosin molecule

The hydrolysis of atp

13. Which of the following is not part of the process whereby skeletal muscel relax?

Sarcolemma calcium channels open to allow the efflux of calcium

The binding of calcium to a low affinity site closes sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channels

A calcium pump actively removes calcium

Amount of calcium bound to troponin decreases

A myosin binding site on the actin molecule is blocked by tropomyosin

14. Which of the following is not an adaption of skeletal muscle that would be observed in response to aerobic training?

An increase in mitochondrial density

An increase in capillary density

An increase in the number of oxidative fibers

An increase in the diameter of the skeletal muscle fibers

An increase in the contraction of oxidative enzymes

15. The mechanism of the A.P that underlies the absolute refratory period is the ___________

Chloride inactivation gate

Potassium activation gate

Potassium inactivation gate

Sodium activation gate

Sodium inactivation gate

16. The synaptic delay is caused by ___________

The time required for calcium entry to trigger exocytosis

The time required for the synthessis of neurotransmitter

The time required for packaging of neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles

The time required for an action potential to move from axon hillock to axon terminal

The time required for the neurotransimitter to diffuse across the synaptic cleft

17. A neural phenomenon that is believe to have a post synaptic origin involving calcium is:

Post tetanic potentiation

Facilitation

Neural adaption

Reciprocal inhibition

Later inhibition

18. The clinical manifestatiosn of myasthenia Gravis are caused by _________

Microorganisms that directly prevent ACh vesicle release or fusion

Autoimmune loss of ACh receptors

Microorganisms that indeirectly prevent vesicle release/fusion on inhibiting cells

Autoimmune loss of actin-myosin interaction

Microorganisms that directly causes loss of actin-myosin ineraction

19. Once a skeletal muscle cell begins to shorten during an isotonic twitch contraction_____________

The amount of force generated by the muscle will continue to increase

The amount of forced generated by the muscle will start to decrease

The amount of force generated by the muscle will remain constant

The muscle will continue to shortten until the forece generated by the muscle stop increasing

The muscle will stop shortening one the force is greater than the load

20. The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing: visual details are _____________

Intergrated before reaching the primary visual cortex

Integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex

Transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are integrated

Maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated

Transmitted to the lateral geniculated body where they are integrated

21. Suprathreshold graded potentials within a neuron can generate _ action potentials at the axon hillock, which allows for the __ of the magnitude of the stimulus

Multiple: amplitude coding

Multiple: frequency coding

A single: frequency coding

A single: amplitude coding

Several: amplitude coding

22. WHich of the following classes of chmical messengers travels in the bloodstream to the target cell?

Paracrine

Hormone

Neurotransmitter

Both paracrine and hormone

All of these

23. The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, poatssium moves the cell , causing it to________

Into: depolarize

Out of: hyperpolarize

Into: hyperpolarize

Out of: depolarize

Equally into and out of: depolarize

24. What is the function of t tubules?

They store calcium

Actin and myosin are synthesized here

They conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell

They provide elasticity to the muscle

They hold the thick filaments to the z line

25. All of the following ar eassociated with red skeletal muscles except:

Aerobic

More myoglobin

Slow

Low resistance to fatigue

Low force generating capacity

26. Depolarization of hair cells in the utricle occurs when __________

The head is titled to the left

The head is tilted to the right

The head is tilted forward

The hair cells blends toward the kinocilium

The hair cell bends away from the kinocilium

27. The myelin sheat that coats an axon acts to__________

Decrease ion permeability to the nodes of ranvier

Increas leakage of ions across the membrane

Decrease anxonal conduction velocity

Increase a membranes ion permeability

Reduce a membranes ion permeability

28. During skeletal muscle contraction, all of the following normally occur except:

A band shortens

I band shortens

H band shortens

Sarcomere shortens

Distance between z-line shortens

29. For the stretch reflex, the essential and primary neuron for muscle contraction is the:

Alpha motor neuron

Beta motor neuron

Gamma motor neuron

Stretch receptor cells

Renshaw cell

30. All of the following are associated with cholera toxin except__________

Gi protein

Increase in cAMP levels

Cl- release

Water loss from body

Death

31. According to the lecutre notes, conscious spatial and manual manipulation are a product of:

Thalamus