Bio 102 Exam #2
- 1.
In which of the following human blood vessels is the blood pressure lowest?
- A.
Arteries in the head
- B.
Arterioles in the legs
- C.
Capillaries in the feet
- D.
The aorta
- E.
Veins in the head
Correct Answer
E. Veins in the head -
- 2.
How does an insect “hold its breath”?
- A.
By closing its tracheae
- B.
By closing its mouth
- C.
By closing its spiracles
- D.
By closing its gills
- E.
By closing its nostrils
Correct Answer
C. By closing its spiracles -
- 3.
In Cystic Fibrosis, a thick dry mucus builds up in the alveoli. Which of the following would you expect to occur in these patients?
- A.
Decreased rate of respiration
- B.
Increased diffusion of carbon dioxide into capillaries from the alveoli
- C.
Decreased blood flow to the alveoli
- D.
Increased blood flow to the alveoli
- E.
Decreased diffusion of oxygen into the capillaries from the alveoli
Correct Answer
E. Decreased diffusion of oxygen into the capillaries from the alveoli -
- 4.
HIV has a high mutation rate and can use this to its advantage to develop resistance to antivirals because
- A.
Frequent mutations provide greater opportunity for survival of selective pressures
- B.
Viral agents infect specific cells, which enhances mutations
- C.
Antivirals target viral DNA
- D.
Helper T cells prevent antivirals from reaching HIV
- E.
Mutation in RNA viruses is always an advantage to the virus
Correct Answer
A. Frequent mutations provide greater opportunity for survival of selective pressures -
- 5.
Carbon Dioxide sensors are found in
- A.
The carotid body and aorta
- B.
The medulla
- C.
The carotid body
- D.
The aorta
- E.
The medulla and carotid body
Correct Answer
A. The carotid body and aorta -
- 6.
Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require a circulatory system?
- A.
Grasshopper
- B.
Mouse
- C.
Earthworm
- D.
Carp
- E.
Crayfish
Correct Answer
A. Grasshopper -
- 7.
What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?
- A.
Active transport against a concentration gradient
- B.
Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient
- C.
Facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient
- D.
Diffusion down a concentration gradient
- E.
The heart pumping the oxygen into the bloodstream
Correct Answer
D. Diffusion down a concentration gradient -
- 8.
What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?
- A.
Active transport against a concentration gradient
- B.
Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient
- C.
Facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient
- D.
Diffusion down a concentration gradient
- E.
The heart pumping the oxygen into the bloodstream
Correct Answer
D. Diffusion down a concentration gradient -
- 9.
Why are gills only found in aquatic animals?
- A.
There isn’t enough oxygen in air for them to absorb
- B.
Gasses can only diffuse in water
- C.
Capillaries can only exchange gas with alveoli, not gills
- D.
They dry up when exposed to air
- E.
Aquatic animals do not transport oxygen on red blood cells
Correct Answer
D. They dry up when exposed to air -
- 10.
If you were to move from around sea level to a much higher altitude, your body would respond with
- A.
Profuse sweating
- B.
A decrease in the diameter and number of capillaries close to your body's surface
- C.
An increase in energy production
- D.
A decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
- E.
An increase in the number of your red blood cells
Correct Answer
E. An increase in the number of your red blood cells -
- 11.
Which of the following cell types is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
- A.
T cells
- B.
B cells
- C.
Leukocytes
- D.
Natural killer cells
- E.
Lymphocytes
Correct Answer
A. T cells -
- 12.
In birds, deoxygenated air moves from the lungs into the ___ before the air is expelled.
- A.
Anterior air sacs
- B.
Lamellae of the gills
- C.
Posterior air sacs
- D.
Bronchioles
- E.
Capillaries
Correct Answer
A. Anterior air sacs -
- 13.
Most CO2 is transported to the lungs
- A.
Dissolved in the plasma
- B.
Attached to hemoglobin
- C.
As carbonic anhydrase
- D.
As carboxyl
- E.
As bicarbonate ions
Correct Answer
E. As bicarbonate ions -
- 14.
Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body?
- A.
Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx
- B.
Alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx
- C.
Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx
- D.
Alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx
- E.
Alveoli, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, pharynx, larynx
Correct Answer
C. Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx -
- 15.
Which main tissue type of the circulatory system enables diffusion across walls of capillaries?
- A.
Connective
- B.
Epithelial
- C.
Muscle
- D.
Nervous
- E.
Vascular
Correct Answer
B. Epithelial -
- 16.
Which main tissue type of the circulatory system regulates airflow to the alveoli?
- A.
Connective
- B.
Epithelial
- C.
Muscle
- D.
Nervous
- E.
Vascular
Correct Answer
C. Muscle -
- 17.
Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?
- A.
Arteries
- B.
Arterioles
- C.
Veins
- D.
Venules
- E.
Capillaries
Correct Answer
E. Capillaries -
- 18.
Olfaction is
- A.
The sense of smell
- B.
The sense of hearing
- C.
The sense of taste
- D.
The sense of vision
- E.
The sense of touch
Correct Answer
A. The sense of smell -
- 19.
Which of the following is not a main function of the respiratory system?
- A.
Olfaction
- B.
Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere
- C.
Production of sounds
- D.
Transport of oxygen to the cells of the body
- E.
Maintaining blood pH homeostasis
Correct Answer
D. Transport of oxygen to the cells of the body -
- 20.
The movement of air across the vocal cords in the ___ produces sound
- A.
Pharynx
- B.
Larynx
- C.
Trachea
- D.
Glottis
- E.
Uvula
Correct Answer
B. Larynx -
- 21.
Sleep apnea is more common in people who are overweight. Excess fat in the neck compresses the airway, cutting off air flow. The person then wakes their throat and resumes normal breathing. Which of the following would trigger this reflex?
- A.
Increased oxygen
- B.
Decreased carbon dioxide
- C.
Increased carbon dioxide
- D.
Decreased oxygen
- E.
Decreased nitrogen
Correct Answer
C. Increased carbon dioxide -
- 22.
The upper respiratory tract is composed of what?
- A.
The nose, pharynx, and trachea
- B.
The nose, larynx, and trachea
- C.
The nose, trachea, and lungs
- D.
The nose, pharynx, and larynx
- E.
The nose and pharynx
Correct Answer
D. The nose, pharynx, and larynx -
- 23.
The lower respiratory tract is composed of what?
- A.
The pharynx, and lungs
- B.
The larynx, and lungs
- C.
The larynx, trachea, and lungs
- D.
The trachea and lungs
- E.
The pharynx, trachea, and lungs
Correct Answer
D. The trachea and lungs -
- 24.
In the pulmonary circulation, ___ is expelled from the blood and ___ is picked up
- A.
Nitrogen, oxygen
- B.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide
- C.
Oxygen, nitrogen
- D.
Carbon dioxide, nitrogen
- E.
Carbon dioxide, oxygen
Correct Answer
E. Carbon dioxide, oxygen -
- 25.
In the systemic circulation, ___ is expelled from the blood and ___ is picked up
- A.
Nitrogen, oxygen
- B.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide
- C.
Oxygen, nitrogen
- D.
Carbon dioxide, nitrogen
- E.
Carbon dioxide, oxygen
Correct Answer
B. Oxygen, carbon dioxide -
- 26.
The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood
- A.
Nitrogen
- B.
Oxygen
- C.
Carbon dioxide
- D.
Phosphorous
- E.
Hemoglobin
Correct Answer
C. Carbon dioxide -
- 27.
The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is
- A.
Histamine
- B.
Complement
- C.
Interleukin
- D.
Interferon
- E.
Epinephrine
Correct Answer
C. Interleukin -
- 28.
Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?
- A.
Cytotoxic T cells
- B.
Natural killer cells
- C.
Helper T cells
- D.
Plasma cells
- E.
Memory cells
Correct Answer
C. Helper T cells -
- 29.
In aquatic organisms, highly folded structures that exchange gases directly with water
- A.
Spicules
- B.
Alveoli
- C.
Tracheae
- D.
Spiracles
- E.
Gills
Correct Answer
E. Gills -
- 30.
The walls of the bronchioles are made up of
- A.
Smooth muscle
- B.
Cartilage and smooth muscle
- C.
Cartilage and skeletal muscle
- D.
Cartilage
- E.
Skeletal muscle
Correct Answer
A. Smooth muscle -
- 31.
High-flying birds are able to obtain enough oxygen even when the air is very thin because
- A.
They have more efficient lungs than other vertebrates
- B.
They have reduced amounts of hemoglobin in their blood
- C.
Their mitochondria are more efficient than those of other vertebrates
- D.
Their heart can increase or decrease in size as altitude changes
- E.
They are able to store oxygen in oxygen chambers within muscle cells
Correct Answer
A. They have more efficient lungs than other vertebrates -
- 32.
A waste product of respiration is
- A.
Water
- B.
Electrons
- C.
Hydrogen peroxide
- D.
Carbon dioxide
- E.
Glucose
Correct Answer
D. Carbon dioxide -
- 33.
When you exhale, you
- A.
Release oxygen and carbon dioxide
- B.
Exchange CO2 for O2
- C.
Take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood
- D.
Take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen
- E.
Remove CO2 from the body
Correct Answer
E. Remove CO2 from the body -
- 34.
Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must
- A.
Be terrestrial
- B.
Have a high ratio of body surface area to volume
- C.
Have a low ratio of body surface area to volume
- D.
Be aquatic and nearly spherical
- E.
Have a special kind of hemoglobin
Correct Answer
B. Have a high ratio of body surface area to volume -
- 35.
What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?
- A.
Trachea
- B.
Alveolus
- C.
Larynx
- D.
Diaphragm
- E.
Bronchus
Correct Answer
D. Diaphragm -
- 36.
The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membrane is
- A.
Histamine
- B.
Interleukin
- C.
ADH
- D.
Complement
- E.
Epinephrine
Correct Answer
D. Complement -
- 37.
The ___ is a passageway shared by both food and air
- A.
Alveolus
- B.
Trachea
- C.
Pharynx
- D.
Larynx
- E.
Nasal cavity
Correct Answer
C. Pharynx -
- 38.
When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again?
- A.
Rising oxygen concentration
- B.
Rising carbon dioxide concentration
- C.
Falling oxygen concentration
- D.
Falling carbon dioxide concentration
- E.
Falling nitrogen concentration
Correct Answer
B. Rising carbon dioxide concentration -
- 39.
Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to
- A.
Blood pH and CO2 concentration
- B.
Blood O2 concentration
- C.
Alveolar CO2 concentration
- D.
Alveolar O2 concentration
- E.
Blood pH and O2 concentration
Correct Answer
A. Blood pH and CO2 concentration -
- 40.
Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?
- A.
Maintaining an optimal red blood cell count
- B.
Transporting nerve impulses throughout the body
- C.
Governing nutrient concentration in the blood
- D.
Transporting nutrients to body cells
- E.
Mounting a response to invading microorganisms
Correct Answer
D. Transporting nutrients to body cells -
- 41.
Which of the following is characteristic of the circulatory system of arthropods?
- A.
Lack of a heart
- B.
Lack of blood
- C.
Lack of blood vessels
- D.
Blood flowing out of the body
- E.
Lack of distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
Correct Answer
E. Lack of distinction between blood and interstitial fluid -
- 42.
Which of the following animals has a single circuit of blood flow and two heart chambers?
- A.
Salamander
- B.
Salmon
- C.
Snake
- D.
Swan
- E.
Squirrel
Correct Answer
B. Salmon -
- 43.
Which of the following animals can obtain the oxygen they need by diffusion of oxygen across the surface of their body?
- A.
Fish and flatworms
- B.
Fish
- C.
Flatworms
- D.
Sea anemones
- E.
Sea anemones and earth worms
Correct Answer
E. Sea anemones and earth worms -
- 44.
Which of the following is a likely advantage of a three-chambered heart?
- A.
Greater separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- B.
Greater blood pressure
- C.
The ability to divert deoxygenated blood away from the lungs when diving underwater
- D.
The ability to generate more body heat than a mammal
- E.
Greater mixing of blood in the ventricle
Correct Answer
C. The ability to divert deoxygenated blood away from the lungs when diving underwater -
- 45.
In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ___ just before entering the right atrium
- A.
Right ventricle
- B.
Left atrium
- C.
Superior vena cava
- D.
Inferior vena cava
- E.
Aorta
Correct Answer
C. Superior vena cava -
- 46.
Ice fish would have which of the following circulatory systems?
- A.
Closed with two-chambered heart
- B.
Open
- C.
Closed with a single-chambered heart
- D.
Closed with a three-chambered heart
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Closed with two-chambered heart -
- 47.
How do ice fish transport oxygen in their blood?
- A.
In red blood cells
- B.
In white blood cells
- C.
In platelets
- D.
In plasma
- E.
On hemoglobin
Correct Answer
D. In plasma -
- 48.
Where would fish have the highest concentration of oxygen in their blood?
- A.
As it left their systemic circulation
- B.
As it left their heart
- C.
As it entered their heart
- D.
As it left their lungs
- E.
As it left their gills
Correct Answer
E. As it left their gills -
- 49.
The simplest animals with a closed circulatory system are
- A.
Mollusks
- B.
Amphibians
- C.
Annelids
- D.
Fish
- E.
Reptiles
Correct Answer
C. Annelids -
- 50.
The two main functions of the lymphatic system are
- A.
Coagulating blood and fighting infections
- B.
Producing hormones that regulate the immune system and coagulating blood
- C.
Producing hormones that regulate the immune system and fighting infections
- D.
Returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and coagulating blood
- E.
Returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections
Correct Answer
E. Returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections -
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