ACT/SAT Questions Of The Day Test 8

1.

SOCIAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from Leonard W.
Levy's Origins of the Fifth Amendment: The Right Against Self
Incrimination. (1968 by Clio Enterprises Inc.).

    Community courts and community justice pre-
vailed in England at the time of the Norman Conquest
[1066]. The legal system was ritualistic, dependent
upon oaths at most stages of litigation, and permeated

5   by both religious and superstitious notions. The pro-
ceedings were oral, very personal, and highly con-
frontative. Juries were unknown. One party publicly
"appealed," or accused, the other before the community
meeting at which the presence of both was obligatory.

10   To be absent meant risking fines and outlawry. After
the preliminary statements of the parties, the court ren-
dered judgment, not on the merits of the issue nor the
question of guilt or innocence, but on the manner by
which it should be resolved. Judgment in other words

15   preceded trial because it was a decision on what form
the trial should take. It might be by compurgation, by
ordeal, or, after the Norman Conquest, by battle.
Excepting trial by battle, only one party was tried or,
more accurately, was put to his "proof." Proof being

20   regarded as an advantage, it was usually awarded to the
accused party; in effect he had the privilege of proving
his own case.

    Trial by compurgation consisted of a sworn state-
ment to the truth of one's claim or denial, supported by

25   the oaths of a certain number of fellow swearers.
Presumably they, no more than the claimant, would
endanger their immortal souls by the sacrilege of false
swearing. Originally the oath-helpers swore from their
own knowledge to the truth of the party's claim. Later

30   they became little more than character witnesses,
swearing only to their belief that his oath was trust-
worthy. If he rounded up the requisite number of com-
purgators and the cumbrous swearing in very exact
form proceeded without a mistake, he won his case. A

35   mistake "burst" the oath, proving guilt.

    Ordeals were usually reserved for more serious
crimes, for persons of bad reputation, for peasants, or
for those caught with stolen goods. As an invocation of
immediate divine judgment, ordeals were consecrated

40   by the Church and shrouded with solemn religious mys-
tery. The accused underwent a physical trial in which
he called upon God to witness his innocence by putting
a miraculous sign upon his body. Cold water, boiling
water, and hot iron were the principal ordeals, all of

45   which the clergy administered. In the ordeal of cold
water, the accused was trussed up and cast into a pool
to see whether he would sink or float. On the theory
that water which had been sanctified by a priest would
receive an innocent person but reject the guilty, inno-

50   cence was proved by sinking—and hopefully a quick
retrieval—guilt by floating. In the other ordeals, one
had to plunge his hand into a cauldron of boiling water
or carry a red hot piece of iron for a certain distance, in
the hope that three days later, when the bandages were

55   removed, the priest would find a "clean" wound, one
that was healing free of infection. How deeply one
plunged his arm into the water, how heavy the iron or
great the distance it was carried, depended mainly on
the gravity of the charge.

60       The Normans brought to England still another
ordeal, trial by battle, paradigm of the adversary
system, which gave to the legal concept of "defense" or
"defendant" a physical meaning. Trial by battle was a
savage yet sacred method of proof which was also

65   thought to involve divine intercession on behalf of the
righteous. Rather than let a wrongdoer triumph, God
would presumably strengthen the arms of the party who
had sworn truly to the justice of his cause. Right, not
might, would therefore conquer. Trial by battle was

70   originally available for the settlement of all disputes
but eventually was restricted to cases of serious crime.

    Whether one proved his case by compurgation,
ordeal, or battle, the method was accusatory in char-
acter. There was always a definite and known accuser,

75   some private person who brought formal suit and
openly confronted his antagonist. There was never any
secrecy in the proceedings, which were the same for
criminal as for civil litigation. The judges, who had no
role whatever in the making of the verdict, decided only

80   which party should be put to proof and what its form
should be; thereafter the judges merely enforced an
observance of the rules. The oaths that saturated the
proceedings called upon God to witness to the truth of
the respective claims of the parties, or the justice of

85   their cause, or the reliability of their word. No one gave
testimonial evidence nor was anyone questioned to test
his veracity.
The forms of trial discussed in the passage all assume that truth is best determined by: A.
B. carefully assessing physical evidence.
C. an adversary proceeding, or battle.
D. relying on the assistance of God.

Carefully questioning witnesses.

Relying on the assistance of God.

Carefully assessing physical evidence.

An adversary proceeding, or battle.

2. Part of the following sentence is underlined; beneath the sentence are five ways of phrasing the underlined material. Select the option that produces the best sentence. If you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence than any of the alternatives, select choice A. One time a candidate for the Democratic nomination for United States president in 1972, Shirley Chisholm won 152 delegates before withdrawing from the race.

One time

She was

Being

To be

As

3. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. The radical ideas in Henderson's speech were ------- to those assembled, inciting many in the crowd to anger and some to open rebellion.

Inflammatory

Exhilarating

Sympathetic

Gratifying

Tiresome

4.

Tuning In During the Twenties [1]      Modern broadcasting began to develop after
the First World War. Before 1920, radio was simply
a useful way to send electrical signals ashore from a

ship at sea, or, from one "ham" operator to another.
The new technology associated with movies and
airplanes was already developing rapidly by the time
soldiers started returning from European trenches

in 1918. The vast potential of the airwaves, therefore,
had scarcely been touched. [2]      [1] Then a vice president of Westinghouse,
looking for a way to make the transmission of radio

signals more profitable, decided on a two-fold
strategy. [2] First, he would entice an audience with
daily programming of great variety. [3] Second, he
would sell this audience the radio receivers necessary

to listen to this entertainment. [4] The plan succeeded

beyond anyone's expectations. [3]      The federal Radio Division in Washington, D.C.,

was created to license stations, because it had no
power to regulate them. Broadcasters multiplied
wildly, some helping themselves to the more desirable
frequencies, others increasing their transmission

power at will. Chaos means things were out of control. [4]      Yet even in the midst of such anarchy,

some commercial possibilities and organizations
saw clearly of a medium whose regulation seemed
imminent. In 1926, RCA paid the American
Telephone & Telegraph Company one million dollars
for station WEAF in New York City—and NBC was

born. Years later, the Radio Law of 1927 was

enacted. It authorized it's control for licensing and of policing the broadcasters. [5]

     The RCA executives who created the
powerful NBC network were right to see that
sizable profits would come from this new medium.

Even in 1930 for example an hour's advertising on
nationwide radio to forty-seven cities cost $10,180.
Advertising turned broadcasting into an industry,
and the untapped potential of the airwaves

began to be realized.
Choose the best alternative for the underlined part

Even in 1930; for example

Even in 1930, for example,

Even, in 1930 for example,

NO CHANGE

5. Read the following SAT test question and then click on a button to select your answer. A, B, C, and D are points on a line, with D the midpoint of segment BC. The lengths of segments AB, AC, and BC are 10, 2, and 12, respectively. What is the length of segment AD?

12

10

6

4

2

6. Abandoned cornfields have been the sites of investigations concerning ecological succession, the orderly progression of changes in the plant and/or animal life of an area over time (see Figure 1). (Note: The plants are ordered according to their appearance during ecological succession.) During the early stages of succession, the principal community (living unit) that dominates is the pioneer community. Pioneer plants are depicted in Figure 2. The final stage of ecological succession is characterized by the presence of the climax community, the oak-hickory forest. Figure 3 depicts the gradual change from pine to hardwoods. Figures adapted from Eugene P. Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology. 1971 by Saunders College Publishing/Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc. According to Figure 2, pioneer plant(s) showing a progressive increase in summed diameter of stems per unit area over the course of several years of succession is(are):

Horseweed only.

Aster and broomsedge only.

Broomsedge only.

Horseweed, aster, and broomsedge.

	Community courts and community justice pre- vailed in England at the time of the Norman Conquest [1066]. The legal system was ritualistic, dependent upon oaths at most stages of litigation, and permeated
5	by both religious and superstitious notions. The pro- ceedings were oral, very personal, and highly con- frontative. Juries were unknown. One party publicly "appealed," or accused, the other before the community meeting at which the presence of both was obligatory.
10	To be absent meant risking fines and outlawry. After the preliminary statements of the parties, the court ren- dered judgment, not on the merits of the issue nor the question of guilt or innocence, but on the manner by which it should be resolved. Judgment in other words
15	preceded trial because it was a decision on what form the trial should take. It might be by compurgation, by ordeal, or, after the Norman Conquest, by battle. Excepting trial by battle, only one party was tried or, more accurately, was put to his "proof." Proof being
20	regarded as an advantage, it was usually awarded to the accused party; in effect he had the privilege of proving his own case. Trial by compurgation consisted of a sworn state- ment to the truth of one's claim or denial, supported by
25	the oaths of a certain number of fellow swearers. Presumably they, no more than the claimant, would endanger their immortal souls by the sacrilege of false swearing. Originally the oath-helpers swore from their own knowledge to the truth of the party's claim. Later
30	they became little more than character witnesses, swearing only to their belief that his oath was trust- worthy. If he rounded up the requisite number of com- purgators and the cumbrous swearing in very exact form proceeded without a mistake, he won his case. A
35	mistake "burst" the oath, proving guilt. Ordeals were usually reserved for more serious crimes, for persons of bad reputation, for peasants, or for those caught with stolen goods. As an invocation of immediate divine judgment, ordeals were consecrated
40	by the Church and shrouded with solemn religious mys- tery. The accused underwent a physical trial in which he called upon God to witness his innocence by putting a miraculous sign upon his body. Cold water, boiling water, and hot iron were the principal ordeals, all of
45	which the clergy administered. In the ordeal of cold water, the accused was trussed up and cast into a pool to see whether he would sink or float. On the theory that water which had been sanctified by a priest would receive an innocent person but reject the guilty, inno-
50	cence was proved by sinking—and hopefully a quick retrieval—guilt by floating. In the other ordeals, one had to plunge his hand into a cauldron of boiling water or carry a red hot piece of iron for a certain distance, in the hope that three days later, when the bandages were
55	removed, the priest would find a "clean" wound, one that was healing free of infection. How deeply one plunged his arm into the water, how heavy the iron or great the distance it was carried, depended mainly on the gravity of the charge.
60	The Normans brought to England still another ordeal, trial by battle, paradigm of the adversary system, which gave to the legal concept of "defense" or "defendant" a physical meaning. Trial by battle was a savage yet sacred method of proof which was also
65	thought to involve divine intercession on behalf of the righteous. Rather than let a wrongdoer triumph, God would presumably strengthen the arms of the party who had sworn truly to the justice of his cause. Right, not might, would therefore conquer. Trial by battle was
70	originally available for the settlement of all disputes but eventually was restricted to cases of serious crime. Whether one proved his case by compurgation, ordeal, or battle, the method was accusatory in char- acter. There was always a definite and known accuser,
75	some private person who brought formal suit and openly confronted his antagonist. There was never any secrecy in the proceedings, which were the same for criminal as for civil litigation. The judges, who had no role whatever in the making of the verdict, decided only
80	which party should be put to proof and what its form should be; thereafter the judges merely enforced an observance of the rules. The oaths that saturated the proceedings called upon God to witness to the truth of the respective claims of the parties, or the justice of
85	their cause, or the reliability of their word. No one gave testimonial evidence nor was anyone questioned to test his veracity.

ACT/SAT Questions Of The Day Test 8

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

3. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. The radical ideas in Henderson's speech were ------- to those assembled, inciting many in the crowd to anger and some to open rebellion.

5. Read the following SAT test question and then click on a button to select your answer. A, B, C, and D are points on a line, with D the midpoint of segment BC. The lengths of segments AB, AC, and BC are 10, 2, and 12, respectively. What is the length of segment AD?