Pathology(I) II თავი (41-60)

During the process of bone growth affected by excessive radicals, there is a presence of membranous lipids.

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During oncogenic viral infections, there is an abnormal transformation of cells, where normal cells are converted into cancerous cells. This transformation is caused by the viral genes that are inserted into the host cell's genome, leading to the disruption of normal cell growth and division. This process is known as oncogenic transformation.

The given answer states that the toxic metabolites have cytotoxic activity. This means that the toxic metabolites have the ability to cause damage or death to cells. This can explain why the location of the toxic metabolites is important, as their presence in certain cellular compartments or organelles can lead to specific cellular processes being affected or disrupted.

During the incubation period, the virus is multiplying and spreading within the body, but there may not be any noticeable symptoms or signs of infection. This period can vary depending on the specific virus and individual factors.

During viral infection of a cell, the morphology of the nucleus can be altered. This can include changes in the shape and structure of the nuclear envelope, as well as the distribution and organization of chromatin within the nucleus. These alterations in nuclear morphology can be caused by various mechanisms, including the disruption of nuclear lamina, changes in nuclear pore complex function, and reorganization of nuclear proteins. These changes in nuclear morphology can have important implications for viral replication and the host cell's response to infection.

The answer "უჯრედის შეშუპება" (crystallization) is the process of forming a solid crystal from a solution, melt, or gas. This process involves the arrangement of atoms or molecules in a highly ordered, repeating pattern to form a crystal lattice structure. Crystallization is a common phenomenon in various fields such as chemistry, geology, and material science.

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During the process of cytopathic effect caused by a viral infection, biological effects occur. These effects include the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions, cytolysis, alteration of crystal morphology, and production of syncytia. These biological effects are characteristic changes that can be observed in infected cells and are caused by the replication and spread of the virus within the host cell.

During chronic viral infections, there are persistent changes in the morphology of infected cells, but the replication of the virus continues. This means that while the infected cells undergo structural changes, the virus is still able to replicate within these cells. This is why it is stated that "მწვავე ციტოციდური ინფექციისთვის ტიპიური უჯრედული ცვლილებები, ოღონდ ვირუსის რეპლიკაციის დუნე მიმდინარეობა" (structural changes characteristic of chronic cellular infection, but replication of the virus continues).

The correct answer is "უჯრედის გაცხიმოვნება" which translates to "crystal dissolution" in English. This refers to the process of a crystal breaking down or dissolving into smaller particles.

During the process of bone formation, the presence of free radicals can cause damage to the bone matrix. This can lead to the impairment of bone mineralization and the development of various bone disorders. Therefore, the correct answer is that the presence of free radicals causes bone damage.

In the given options, only "შრატის ცილა ცერულოპლაზმინი" is not an antioxidant. The other options, such as beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and shark liver oil, are known for their antioxidant properties. Therefore, the individual who participates in the inactivation of free radicals does not include "შრატის ცილა ცერულოპლაზმინი".

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Chronic viral infection is a long-term infection caused by a virus that persists in the body for an extended period of time. Unlike acute viral infections, which are usually resolved within a few weeks, chronic viral infections can last for months or even years. This type of infection is characterized by a continuous presence of the virus in the body, often with periods of active replication and periods of latency where the virus is dormant. Chronic viral infections can lead to various health complications and may require long-term management and treatment.

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The correct answer is "კალციუმის ინტრაცელულური ინფლუქსი" which means "intracellular influx of calcium". This is the process in which calcium ions enter the cell from the extracellular environment. Calcium influx is an important signaling mechanism in cells and can regulate various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression.

During the process of cell division, the chromosomes undergo modifications known as "chromosomal rearrangements." These rearrangements can include inversions, translocations, deletions, duplications, and insertions. These modifications can lead to changes in the structure and organization of the genetic material within the cell.