TOEFL Mock Test 97: Reading Passages

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1. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH (1) Sigmund Freud, the creator of psychoanalytic theory, is one of the towering intellectual figures of the 20th century. The basic premise of psychoanalytic theory is that much of what we think and do is driven by unconscious processes. Despite its shortcomings as a scientific theory, the psychoanalytic account of personality remains the most comprehensive and influential theory of personality ever created. (2) Freud began his scientific career as a neurologist, using conventional medical procedures to treat patient suffering from various nervous disorders. Because those procedures often failed, he turned to the technique of hypnosis but soon abandoned it. Eventually he discovered the method of free association, in which a patient is instructed to say everything that comes to mind regardless of how trivial or embarrassing it may seem. By listening carefully to these verbal associations, Freud detected consistent themes that he believed were manifestations of unconscious wishes and fears. He found similar themes in the recall of dreams and early childhood memories.   (3) He compared the human mind to an iceberg. The smallest part that shows above the surface of the water consists of the conscious- our current awareness-and the preconscious, all information that is not currently on our mind but that we could bring into consciousness if called upon to do so for example, the name of the president of the United States. The much larger mass of the iceberg below the water represents the unconscious, a storehouse of impulses, whishes, and inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts and behavior.    (4) Closely allied with Freud's focus on unconscious processes was his belief in the determination of human behavior. Psychological determinism is the doctrine that all thoughts, emotions and actions have causes. He then maintained not only that all psychological events are caused but also that most of them are caused by unsatisfied drives and unconscious wishes. SOURCE: Atkinson and Hilgard's        Introduction to Psychology        14th Edition        Thomson Asian Edition  Question:  The word its is referring to 

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TOEFL Mock Test 97: Reading Passages - Quiz

Read the passage below and choose the best answers for the following questions.

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2. The word abandoned in the passage is closest in meaning to

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3. Look at the four (4) paragraphs that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. "Freud was not the first to discover unconscious mental influence-even Shakespeare includes them in his plays –but he gave them primary importance in the everyday functioning of the normal personality."   Where could the sentence best fit? Choose the number of the paragraph where the sentence should be added.

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4. The word doctrine in the passage is closest in meaning to

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THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH ...
The word abandoned in the passage is closest in meaning to
Look at the four (4) paragraphs that indicate where the following...
The word doctrine in the passage is closest in meaning to
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