Hydrophobic Effect Chapter 3, 4, & 26
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Which of these is (are) always hydrophobic?
- A.
Glucose
- B.
Cholesterol
- C.
Amino acids
- D.
Proteins
Correct Answer
B. CholesterolExplanation
Cholesterol is always hydrophobic because it is a lipid molecule that contains a hydrophobic tail made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. This hydrophobic nature allows cholesterol to repel water and be insoluble in it. In contrast, glucose, amino acids, and proteins can have hydrophilic (water-loving) or hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties depending on their chemical structure and functional groups present. Therefore, cholesterol is the only option that is always hydrophobic.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of these is hydrophobic?
- A.
Sugar
- B.
K+
- C.
Cl
- D.
Water
- E.
Fat
Correct Answer
E. FatExplanation
Fat is hydrophobic because it is a non-polar molecule composed mainly of hydrocarbon chains. These hydrocarbon chains do not have an affinity for water molecules, making fat insoluble in water. This property allows fat to separate from water-based substances, such as oil floating on top of water.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Transmembrane proteins that make up enzymes in the plasma membrane are made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Most amino acids embedded in the membrane are ________, while most amino acids facing the extracellular fluid are __________.
- A.
Hydrophilic; hydrophilic
- B.
Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
- C.
Hydrophobic; hydrophobic
- D.
Hydrophobic; hydrophilic
- E.
Lipophilic; lipophobic
Correct Answer
D. Hydrophobic; hydrophilicExplanation
Transmembrane proteins that make up enzymes in the plasma membrane have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The hydrophobic regions are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the membrane, while the hydrophilic regions face the extracellular fluid. This arrangement allows the protein to interact with both the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and the hydrophilic environment outside the cell.Rate this question:
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- 4.
. ______ describes the number of particles of a solute in a solution, whereas ______ is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell.
- A.
Tonicity; osmolarity
- B.
Osmolarity; diffusion
- C.
Osmolarity; tonicity
- D.
Osmolarity; molarity
- E.
Tonicity; diffusion
Correct Answer
C. Osmolarity; tonicityExplanation
Osmolarity refers to the concentration of particles in a solution, specifically the number of particles of a solute in a given volume of solution. Tonicity, on the other hand, is a measure of the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell. Therefore, the correct answer is osmolarity; tonicity.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.
- A.
Osmosis; water pumps
- B.
Osmosis; aquaporins
- C.
Osmosis; uniport
- D.
Filtration; aquaporins
- E.
Filtration; water pumps
Correct Answer
B. Osmosis; aquaporinsExplanation
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, across a semipermeable membrane. In this process, water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called aquaporins. Aquaporins are specialized channels that allow the rapid movement of water molecules, facilitating the process of osmosis.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common that both
- A.
Are processes involving transport of a solutes up its concentration gradient.
- B.
Are processes involving transport of a solutes down its concentration gradient.
- C.
Are processes involving the use of energy provided by ATP
- D.
Are processes ATP independent
- E.
Are cases of carrier-mediated transport.
Correct Answer
E. Are cases of carrier-mediated transport.Explanation
Both facilitated diffusion and active transport are examples of carrier-mediated transport. In facilitated diffusion, solutes are transported across the cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins, but no energy input is required. On the other hand, active transport also involves carrier proteins, but it requires the input of energy, usually in the form of ATP, to transport solutes against their concentration gradient. So, both processes involve the use of carrier proteins to transport solutes, making them cases of carrier-mediated transport.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The greater the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion rate.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The concentration gradient refers to the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. When the concentration gradient is greater, there is a larger difference in concentration between the two areas, which means there is a steeper gradient. This steep gradient allows for faster diffusion as particles move more rapidly from the higher concentration area to the lower concentration area. Therefore, the statement that the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate is true.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________.
- A.
Up; active transport
- B.
Up; facilitated transport
- C.
Up; cotransport
- D.
Down; active transport
- E.
Down; countertransport
Correct Answer
A. Up; active transportExplanation
The sodium-potassium pump transports both sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients in a process called active transport. This means that it moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, even though they are moving from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. This process requires energy expenditure by the cell.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. The concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid and will cause the cell to ______________.
- A.
Higher; swell
- B.
Lower; swell
- C.
Higher; shrink
- D.
Lower; shrink
- E.
Lower; burst
Correct Answer
C. Higher; shrinkExplanation
When a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, it means that the concentration of solutes in the solution is higher than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid of the cell. In this situation, water molecules will move out of the cell towards the higher concentration of solutes in the solution through osmosis. As a result, the cell will lose water and shrink. Therefore, the correct answer is "higher; shrink."Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of these is an example of active transport?
- A.
Diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration
- B.
Facilitated diffusion of K+
- C.
Transport of glucose down its concentration gradient
- D.
Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
- E.
Transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient
Correct Answer
D. Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentrationExplanation
The transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration is an example of active transport. Active transport requires the input of energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. In this case, the transport of Na+ ions is occurring against their concentration gradient, which requires the use of energy in the form of ATP. This process is essential for maintaining proper ion balance in cells and is often carried out by specific proteins called pumps.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell?
- A.
Facilitated diffusion
- B.
Simple diffusion
- C.
Filtration
- D.
Osmosis
- E.
Active transport
Correct Answer
E. Active transportExplanation
Active transport is the only process that can occur exclusively through the plasma membrane of a living cell. Unlike facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, filtration, and osmosis, active transport requires the use of energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. This energy is provided by ATP, allowing the cell to transport molecules or ions from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Therefore, active transport is a vital process for maintaining homeostasis and regulating the internal environment of the cell.Rate this question:
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- 12.
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
- A.
Exocytosis
- B.
Active transport
- C.
Ciliary action
- D.
Protein synthesis
- E.
Osmosis
Correct Answer
D. Protein synthesisExplanation
If the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed, the function that would immediately cease is protein synthesis. Ribosomes are responsible for the translation of mRNA into proteins, which is a crucial process for the functioning and survival of cells. Without ribosomes, the cell would be unable to produce new proteins, leading to a halt in various cellular processes and ultimately affecting the overall functioning of the cell.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Microvilli and cilia differ in their function but have the same internal structure.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Microvilli and cilia have different functions and different internal structures. Microvilli are tiny finger-like projections found on the surface of certain cells, such as those lining the small intestine. They increase the surface area of the cell, aiding in absorption. On the other hand, cilia are hair-like structures that are capable of movement. They are found in various locations throughout the body, including the respiratory tract, where they help to move mucus and foreign particles out of the airways. Therefore, the statement that microvilli and cilia have the same internal structure is false.Rate this question:
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- 14.
______ provide motility to a cell, ______ act as sensory "antenna" in many cells, and ____________ increase cell's surface area.
- A.
Cilia; microvilli; flagella
- B.
Microvilli; cilia; flagella
- C.
Microvilli; flagella; cilia
- D.
Flagella; microvilli; cilia
- E.
Flagella; cilia; microvilli
Correct Answer
E. Flagella; cilia; microvilliExplanation
Flagella are long, whip-like structures that provide motility to a cell. Cilia are shorter, hair-like structures that act as sensory "antenna" in many cells. Microvilli are tiny, finger-like projections that increase a cell's surface area.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has ?
- A.
Flagella
- B.
Cilia
- C.
Microvilli
- D.
Glycocalyx
- E.
Dynein arms
Correct Answer
C. MicrovilliExplanation
The cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Microvilli are tiny projections on the surface of these cells that greatly increase their surface area. This increased surface area allows for more efficient absorption of nutrients from the digested food passing through the small intestine. Therefore, microvilli are essential for the absorption function of these cells.Rate this question:
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- 16.
A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of Normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about __________ NaCl.
- A.
Isotonic; 9%
- B.
Isotonic; 0.9%
- C.
Hypertonic; 9%
- D.
Hypotonic; 0.9%
- E.
Hypotonic; 9%
Correct Answer
B. Isotonic; 0.9%Explanation
Normal saline is a solution that has the same concentration of salts as the human body. When a patient is severely dehydrated and losing a large amount of fluid, giving them intravenous fluids of isotonic normal saline helps to restore the balance of fluids and electrolytes in their body. Isotonic means that the concentration of solutes in the solution is the same as that in the patient's blood cells. In this case, the concentration of NaCl in the normal saline solution is 0.9%.Rate this question:
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- 17.
These are all membranous organelles except
- A.
Mitochondria
- B.
Ribosomes
- C.
Nucleus
- D.
Endoplasmic reticulum
- E.
The Golgi complex.
Correct Answer
B. RibosomesExplanation
Ribosomes are not considered membranous organelles because they do not have a membrane surrounding them. They are small structures composed of RNA and proteins, and they are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell. Unlike other organelles mentioned in the options, ribosomes are not enclosed by a membrane and are found both free in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.Rate this question:
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- 18.
An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.
- A.
Organ system, organs
- B.
Organ system, organelle
- C.
Organ, organelles
- D.
Organ, molecules
- E.
Organelle, molecules
Correct Answer
C. Organ, organellesExplanation
An organ is composed of two or more tissue types, whereas organelles are microscopic structures in a cell.Rate this question:
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- 19.
____________ gives structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through the cell.
- A.
Cholesterol
- B.
The nucleus
- C.
The plasma membrane
- D.
The Golgi complex
- E.
The cytoskeleton
Correct Answer
E. The cytoskeletonExplanation
The cytoskeleton gives structural support to the cell, determines its shape, and directs the movement of substances through the cell. It is a network of protein filaments that provides internal structure and allows for cell movement and division. Cholesterol is a lipid molecule that is important for maintaining the fluidity of the plasma membrane. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material but does not play a direct role in providing structural support or directing substance movement. The Golgi complex is involved in processing and packaging proteins, but it does not determine cell shape or provide structural support.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called ________________________, whereas using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called ________________________.
- A.
Transcription; translation
- B.
Translation; transcription
- C.
DNA replication; translation
- D.
DNA duplication; transcription
- E.
DNA translation; RNA transcription
Correct Answer
A. Transcription; translationExplanation
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA. This involves the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a DNA template. On the other hand, translation is the process of using the information contained in mRNA to synthesize a polypeptide. During translation, the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Transcription occurs in the _________________, but most translation occurs in the _____________.
- A.
Nucleus; cytoplasm
- B.
Nucleus; nucleolus
- C.
Cytoplasm; nucleus
- D.
Nucleolus; cytoplasm
- E.
Nucleolus; rough endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer
A. Nucleus; cytoplasmExplanation
Transcription, the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA, occurs in the nucleus. On the other hand, translation, the process of synthesizing proteins from RNA, occurs in the cytoplasm.Rate this question:
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- 22.
After translation, a protein may undergo structural changes called ________________ modifications.
- A.
Splicing
- B.
Posttranscriptional
- C.
Posttranslational
- D.
Polyribosomal
- E.
Secretory
Correct Answer
C. PosttranslationalExplanation
After translation, a protein may undergo structural changes called posttranslational modifications. These modifications can include processes such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and methylation, among others. These modifications play crucial roles in regulating protein function, stability, localization, and interactions with other molecules. Splicing refers to the removal of introns and joining of exons during RNA processing, while posttranscriptional refers to processes that occur after transcription but before translation. Polyribosomal refers to multiple ribosomes simultaneously translating the same mRNA, and secretory refers to the pathway involved in protein secretion.Rate this question:
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- 23.
All of the following are directly involved in translation except
- A.
DNA
- B.
MRNA
- C.
TRNA
- D.
RRNA
- E.
Ribosomes
Correct Answer
A. DNAExplanation
Translation is the process by which the genetic information stored in DNA is converted into a functional protein. During translation, DNA is not directly involved. Instead, the genetic information is first transcribed into mRNA, which then carries the information to the ribosomes where it is translated into a protein. tRNA and rRNA are also directly involved in translation, as tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosomes and rRNA forms the structural components of the ribosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is DNA.Rate this question:
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- 24.
This figure shows translation of mRNA. What does "A" show?
- A.
The molecule that carries codons
- B.
The molecule that carries anticodons
- C.
The molecule that carries base triplets
- D.
The molecule that carries amino acids
- E.
The molecule that carries tRNA
Correct Answer
C. The molecule that carries base tripletsExplanation
"A" in the figure refers to the molecule that carries base triplets. Base triplets are the three consecutive nucleotide bases on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid during translation. This molecule, known as mRNA, carries the base triplets from the DNA template strand to the ribosome, where they are read and translated into the corresponding amino acids to form a protein.Rate this question:
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- 25.
This figure shows translation of mRNA. What does "E" show?
- A.
A newly synthesized amino acid
- B.
A newly synthesized polypeptide
- C.
A newly synthesized nucleic acid
- D.
MRNA
- E.
TRNA
Correct Answer
B. A newly synthesized polypeptideExplanation
The figure shows the process of translation of mRNA, which is the synthesis of a polypeptide chain. The "E" in the figure represents a newly synthesized polypeptide, indicating that it is the correct answer choice. This means that the figure is illustrating the formation of a chain of amino acids, which is the primary function of translation.Rate this question:
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- 26.
This figure shows translation of mRNA. What does "C" show?
- A.
MRNA
- B.
DNA
- C.
TRNA
- D.
MRNA bound to one amino acid
- E.
TRNA bound to one amino acid
Correct Answer
E. TRNA bound to one amino acidExplanation
The figure shows the process of translation of mRNA, which is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic code carried by mRNA. "C" represents tRNA bound to one amino acid. During translation, tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they are joined together to form a protein chain. Each tRNA molecule is specific to a particular amino acid, and it binds to the corresponding codon on the mRNA, ensuring the correct sequence of amino acids in the protein being synthesized. Therefore, "C" in the figure represents tRNA bound to one amino acid.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The enzyme RNA polymerase participates in translation.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
RNA polymerase is not involved in translation, but rather in transcription. Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. Translation, on the other hand, is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using the information encoded in mRNA. Therefore, the correct answer is false.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle?
- A.
G1, S, G2, mitotic phase
- B.
Interphase, mitotic phase
- C.
G1, DNA replication, G2, mitotic phase
- D.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
- E.
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Correct Answer
D. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesisExplanation
The stages of the cell cycle include interphase (which consists of G1, S, and G2 phases) and the mitotic phase (which consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis). The correct answer is "prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis" because it omits the interphase stages (G1, S, G2) of the cell cycle.Rate this question:
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- 29.
After mitosis each chromosome consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
After mitosis, each chromosome consists of two identical copies of DNA called sister chromatids. These sister chromatids are attached to each other at a region called the centromere. During cell division, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. Therefore, the statement that each chromosome consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids after mitosis is false.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Mitosis is a process of cell division that plays a crucial role in embryonic development and tissue growth. During mitosis, a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, allowing for the growth and development of an organism. This process is responsible for increasing the number of cells in an organism, which is essential for the formation of tissues and organs during embryonic development and for the growth and repair of tissues throughout life. Therefore, the statement that mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth is true.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?
- A.
The S phase
- B.
Telophase
- C.
Metaphase
- D.
Prophase
- E.
Interphase
Correct Answer
B. TelophaseExplanation
Cytokinesis overlaps with telophase because telophase is the final stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes. During telophase, the cytoplasm starts dividing and the cell membrane begins to pinch in, eventually leading to the formation of two separate daughter cells. Cytokinesis is the process of cell division where the cytoplasm divides, and it typically occurs simultaneously with telophase.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of these processes occurs during a cell's first gap (G1) phase?
- A.
DNA is semiconservatively replicated
- B.
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
- C.
The cell synthesizes the enzymes that control mitosis
- D.
The cell synthesizes proteins and grows.
- E.
The chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
Correct Answer
D. The cell synthesizes proteins and grows.Explanation
During the cell's first gap (G1) phase, the cell synthesizes proteins and grows. This phase is characterized by an increase in cell size and the production of proteins necessary for the cell's functioning. The cell prepares for DNA replication and subsequent cell division during this phase, but DNA replication itself occurs during the S phase. The nuclear envelope breaking down and chromatin condensing into visible chromosomes are events that take place during later stages of the cell cycle, specifically during mitosis.Rate this question:
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- 33.
A cell finishing mitosis has ________________ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has ______________ DNA molecules.
- A.
46; 46
- B.
46; 92
- C.
46; 23
- D.
23; 46
- E.
23; 23
Correct Answer
B. 46; 92Explanation
During mitosis, a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of DNA molecules as the parent cell. Therefore, a cell finishing mitosis will have 46 DNA molecules, which is the same as the original cell. On the other hand, DNA replication occurs before cell division, where the DNA molecules are duplicated. As a result, a cell finishing DNA replication will have twice the number of DNA molecules as the original cell, which is 92.Rate this question:
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- 34.
If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is a(an) ________________ allele.
- A.
Homozygous
- B.
Heterozygous
- C.
Recessive
- D.
Dominant
- E.
Suppressed
Correct Answer
C. RecessiveExplanation
If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is a recessive allele. This means that the trait associated with the recessive allele will only be expressed if an individual has two copies of the recessive allele (homozygous recessive). In the presence of a dominant allele, the recessive allele is "masked" and its phenotype is not observed. This is why the recessive allele is not phenotypically expressed when there is a dominant allele present.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means that
- A.
Women can be carriers but cannot get hemophilia
- B.
The gene is found on the Y chromosome
- C.
A man can give the allele to his son but not to his daughter
- D.
A son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother.
- E.
A son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his father.
Correct Answer
D. A son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother.Explanation
Hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, which means that the gene responsible for hemophilia is located on the X chromosome. Since males inherit one X chromosome from their mother and one Y chromosome from their father, if the mother is a carrier of the hemophilia allele, she can pass it on to her son. Daughters, on the other hand, inherit one X chromosome from each parent, so they would need to inherit the hemophilia allele from both parents to have the condition. Therefore, a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Since there are no genes coding for carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids, how do cells produce them?
- A.
Enzymes encoded by genes synthesize these products
- B.
Cells are born with all the products they need
- C.
Cells absorb these products by endocytosis.
- D.
Cells import these products from older cells
- E.
Cells can produce carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids out of proteins.
Correct Answer
A. Enzymes encoded by genes synthesize these productsExplanation
Cells are able to produce carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids through the action of enzymes that are encoded by genes. These enzymes catalyze the synthesis of these products from smaller precursor molecules. This process allows cells to generate the necessary molecules for their growth, metabolism, and other cellular functions.Rate this question:
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- 37.
___________________ are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the ___________________ they encode.
- A.
Enzymes; products
- B.
Ribosomes; proteins
- C.
Genes; proteins
- D.
Proteins; genes
- E.
Genes; ribosomes
Correct Answer
C. Genes; proteinsExplanation
Genes are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the proteins they encode. This means that the expression of genes, or the production of proteins from those genes, is regulated by specific proteins that can activate or inhibit gene expression. This ensures that the production of proteins is adjusted based on the changing needs of the organism.Rate this question:
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- 38.
The human genome consists of?
- A.
About 35,000 genes
- B.
Over 2 million genes
- C.
A, T, C, G, and U
- D.
DNA and RNA.
- E.
Genotype and phenotype
Correct Answer
A. About 35,000 genesExplanation
The human genome consists of about 35,000 genes. Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building proteins, which are essential for the structure and functioning of the human body. These genes determine various traits and characteristics, including physical and behavioral traits, as well as susceptibility to certain diseases. The number of genes in the human genome was initially estimated to be much higher, but further research has shown that the actual number is around 35,000.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Many genes occur in alternative forms called alleles.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Genes can exist in different forms called alleles. Alleles are alternative versions of a gene that can result in different traits or characteristics. This variation in alleles is what contributes to genetic diversity within a population. Therefore, the statement that many genes occur in alternative forms called alleles is true.Rate this question:
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- 40.
The stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is
- A.
Prophase
- B.
Metaphase
- C.
Anaphase
- D.
Telophase
- E.
Interphase
Correct Answer
B. MetaphaseExplanation
During metaphase, the chromosomes align themselves along the equator of the cell, forming a structure called the metaphase plate. This alignment is crucial for the accurate separation of chromosomes during cell division. The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome, ensuring that each chromosome is properly aligned and ready for separation during anaphase. Therefore, metaphase is the stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell.Rate this question:
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- 41.
A karyotype shows the __________________ chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in ________________.
- A.
23; interphase
- B.
23; metaphase
- C.
46; prophase
- D.
46; metaphase
- E.
46; S phase
Correct Answer
D. 46; metaphaseExplanation
A karyotype shows the 46 chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in metaphase. During metaphase, the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell and can be easily observed and analyzed. This allows for a clear visualization and identification of any abnormalities or genetic disorders present in the chromosomes.Rate this question:
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- 42.
All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called ________________, usually have ______________ and are thus called ____________ cells.
- A.
Germ cells; 23 pairs of chromosomes; haploid
- B.
Germ cells; 23 chromosomes; haploid
- C.
Somatic cells; 23 pairs of chromosomes; haploid
- D.
Somatic cells; 23 pairs of chromosomes; diploid
- E.
Somatic cells; 23 chromosomes; diploid
Correct Answer
D. Somatic cells; 23 pairs of chromosomes; diploidExplanation
Somatic cells are the body's nonreproductive cells. They have 23 pairs of chromosomes, meaning they have a total of 46 chromosomes. This makes them diploid cells, as diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes. Germ cells, on the other hand, are the reproductive cells and have half the number of chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes, making them haploid cells. Therefore, the correct answer is somatic cells; 23 pairs of chromosomes; diploid.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Macronutrients include
- A.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, but no water
- B.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
- C.
Sodium, potassium,calcium, chloride, and phosphorus
- D.
Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
- E.
Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Correct Answer
B. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and waterExplanation
Macronutrients are essential nutrients that our body needs in large quantities for energy and growth. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are the three main macronutrients that provide energy to the body. Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy, lipids provide energy and insulation, and proteins are important for growth and repair of tissues. Water is also considered a macronutrient because it is essential for various bodily functions, including digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation. Therefore, the correct answer is carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Most carbohydrates in the body are found in
- A.
Adipose tissue
- B.
Blood
- C.
Pancreas
- D.
Muscular tissue
- E.
Liver
Correct Answer
D. Muscular tissueExplanation
Muscular tissue is the correct answer because muscles store glycogen, which is a form of carbohydrate. When the body needs energy, it breaks down glycogen into glucose to fuel muscle contractions. Therefore, a significant amount of carbohydrates are found in muscular tissue. Adipose tissue stores fat, not carbohydrates. While blood does transport glucose, it does not store large amounts of carbohydrates. The pancreas produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels but does not store carbohydrates. The liver stores glycogen, but the majority of carbohydrates in the body are stored in muscular tissue.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Lipid functions include all of the following except
- A.
Forming myelin around nerve fibers
- B.
Forming of the skeletal muscle fibers
- C.
Plasma membrane structure
- D.
Cushioning around soft organs
- E.
Chemical structure of hormones
Correct Answer
B. Forming of the skeletal muscle fibersExplanation
Lipids have various functions in the body, including forming myelin around nerve fibers, maintaining plasma membrane structure, providing cushioning around soft organs, and serving as the chemical structure of hormones. However, lipids do not directly contribute to the formation of skeletal muscle fibers.Rate this question:
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- 46.
_________ constitutes the so-called "bad cholesterol."
- A.
Low-density lipoproteins
- B.
Triglycerides
- C.
High-density lipoproteins
- D.
Chylomicrons
- E.
Very-low-density lipoproteins
Correct Answer
A. Low-density lipoproteinsExplanation
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are considered the "bad cholesterol" because they carry cholesterol from the liver to the cells in the body. If there is an excess of LDL in the bloodstream, it can build up on the walls of the arteries, leading to the formation of plaque and increasing the risk of heart disease. LDL is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because high levels of LDL are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Which is the healthiest ratio?
- A.
High SFA : low HDL
- B.
High LDL : low HDL
- C.
High HDL : low LDL
- D.
High chylomicron : low LDL
- E.
High LDL : low chylomicron
Correct Answer
C. High HDL : low LDLExplanation
High HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and low LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is the healthiest ratio. HDL is often referred to as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove LDL (bad) cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of heart disease. LDL, on the other hand, is considered "bad" cholesterol because it can build up in the arteries, leading to blockages and increasing the risk of heart disease. Therefore, having high levels of HDL and low levels of LDL is beneficial for overall cardiovascular health.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Carbohydrates function as structural components of other molecules including all of the following except
- A.
Nucleic acids
- B.
Glycolipids
- C.
Glycoproteins
- D.
Amino acids
- E.
ATP
Correct Answer
D. Amino acidsExplanation
Carbohydrates function as structural components of other molecules such as nucleic acids, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and ATP. However, they do not function as structural components of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and have their own distinct structure. Therefore, the correct answer is amino acids.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Oxygen ?
- A.
Transports electrons to the mitochondrion.
- B.
Is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
- C.
Directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD+ and FAD
- D.
Directly receives electrons and protons from NAD+ and FAD
- E.
Is the only substrate of aerobic respiration.
Correct Answer
B. Is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respirationExplanation
In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor. During the electron transport chain, electrons are passed along a series of protein complexes, and ultimately, oxygen accepts these electrons to form water. This process generates ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Without oxygen as the final electron acceptor, the electron transport chain would not be able to continue, leading to a halt in ATP production and cellular respiration.Rate this question:
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- 50.
_______ is a product of aerobic respiration.
- A.
Lactic acid
- B.
Glucose
- C.
Oxygen
- D.
Carbon dioxide
- E.
Pyruvic acid
Correct Answer
D. Carbon dioxideExplanation
Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration. During aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells. Carbon dioxide is then transported to the lungs where it is exhaled out of the body.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Apr 02, 2012Quiz Created by
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