Astronomy Chapter Seven

The planet must have a rocky surface.

The planet must be made of both metal and rock.

The planet must have an atmosphere.

The planet must be geologically active, that is, have volcanoes, planetquakes, and erosion from weather.

The planet must have a molten interior.

Geological activity.

Temperature.

Strength.

Density.

Material above the crust.

Material between the crust and the mantle.

The rigid rocky material of the crust and uppermost portion of the mantle.

The softer rocky material of the mantle.

The lava that comes out of volcanoes.

Pressure

Composition

Internal temperature

Distance of planet from Sun

The entire planets are made mostly of metal.

Metals condensed first in the solar nebula and the rocks then accreted around them.

Metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout.

Radioactivity created metals in the core from the decay of uranium.

Convection carried the metals to the core.

It is the process by which rocks sink in water.

It is the process in which warm material expands and rises while cool material contracts and falls.

It is the process in which warm material gets even warmer and cool material gets even cooler.

It is the process in which a liquid separates according to density, such as oil and water separating in a jar.

It is the process in which bubbles of gas move upward through a liquid.

Conduction, differentiation, and accretion.

Accretion, differentiation, and radioactivity.

Accretion, differentiation, and eruption.

Convection, differentiation, and eruption.

Conduction, convection, and eruption.

Earth and the Moon

Venus and the Moon

Mercury and Venus

Earth and Mars

Earth and Venus

Mars

Earth

The Moon

Venus

Mercury

A molten metallic core only

Fast rotation only

A rocky mantle only

Both a molten metallic core and reasonably fast rotation

Both a metal core and a rocky mantle

Impacts of asteroids and planetesimals

Internal temperature changes that caused the crust to expand and stretch

The circulation of convection cells in the mantle, which dragged against the lithosphere

Cooling and contracting of the planet's interior, which caused the mantle and lithosphere to be compressed

Volcanism, which produced heavy volcanoes that bent and cracked the lithosphere

The excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface

The eruption of molten rock from a planet's interior to its surface

The disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses

The wearing down or building up of geological features by wind, water, ice, and other phenomena of planetary weather

The excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface

The eruption of molten rock from a planet's interior to its surface

The disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses

The wearing down or building up of geological features by wind, water, ice, and other phenomena of planetary weather

Mountains

Valleys

Volcanos

Cliffs

All of the above

Large impacts fractured the Moon's lithosphere, allowing lava to fill the impact basins.

The early bombardment created heat that melted the lunar surface in the regions of the maria.

Volatiles escaping from the Moon's interior heated and eroded the surface in the regions of the maria.

The giant impact that created the Moon left smooth areas that we call the maria.

The maria are the result of gradual erosion by micrometeorites striking the Moon.

Erosion destroyed the smaller craters that formed on the basin.

Mercury's atmosphere prevented smaller objects from hitting the surface.

Only very large impactors hit Mercury's surface in the past.

The Caloris Basin formed toward the end of the solar system's period of heavy bombardment.

The Caloris Basin was formed by a volcano.

They were probably carved in Mercury's early history by running water.

They were probably formed by tectonic stresses when the entire planet shrank as its core cooled.

They probably formed when a series of large impacts hit Mercury one after the other.

They are almost certainly volcanic in origin, carved by flowing lava.

They represent one of the greatest mysteries in the solar system, as no one has suggested a reasonable hypothesis for their formation.

Large valley on the Moon.

Extensive plain on Mars.

Huge series of cliffs on Mercury.

Large canyon on Mars.

Large canyon on Venus.

Impacts and volcanoes

Impacts and tectonics

Tectonics and erosion

Volcanoes and tectonics

Volcanoes and erosion

-16°C, which is well below freezing.

0°C, or about the freezing point for water.

10°C or about 5°C cooler than it is now.

15°C, or about the same as it is now.

20°C, or about 5°C warmer than it is now.

The Sun emits more red light when it's setting.

Sunlight must pass through more atmosphere, and this scatters even more light at bluer wavelengths, transmitting mostly red light.

Sunlight must pass through more atmosphere, and this scatters more light at red wavelengths than bluer wavelengths.

The cooler atmosphere in the evening absorbs more blue light.

None of the above

Lacks atmospheric oxygen.

Is too hot.

Lacks a strong magnetic field.

Lacks strong winds.

The rotation rate determines how much atmosphere a planet has.

The rotation rate determines how long the planet is able to retain its atmosphere.

Faster rotation rates raise surface temperatures and thus determine how much material is gaseous versus icy or liquid.

Faster rotation rates raise the atmospheric temperature.

Faster rotation rates produce stronger winds.

Its lithosphere is broken into plates that move around.

It has oxygen in its atmosphere.

Most of its surface is covered with liquid water.

Life can be found almost everywhere.

All of the above are true.

Continental crust is made from remelted seafloor crust and therefore only the lower-density material rises to form it.

Continental crust is made from volcanic rock called basalt, which is lower in density than what the seafloor crust is made from.

Continental crust is made of rock, while seafloor crust has more metals.

Seafloor crust is more compact due to the weight of the oceans, but it is made of the same material as the continental crust.

Continental crust is actually denser than seafloor crust.

Convection cells in the mantle

Rotation of the liquid core

Lava flows in trenches along the sea floor

Earth's magnetic field

Tidal forces

One plate slides under another, returning older crust to the mantle.

Hot mantle material rises upward, creating volcanic islands.

Hot mantle material rises upward and spreads sideways, pushing the plates apart.

Plates push together, creating ocean mountain chains.

Plates slip sideways relative to one another.

Only CO2

CO2 and H2O

CO2 and N2

All except O2

All four

Any fuel that releases CO2 into the atmosphere upon burning

Any fuel that is extracted from the interior of the earth

Mineral-rich deposits from ancient seabeds

The carbon-rich remains of plants that died millions of years ago

Carbonate-rich deposits from ancient seabeds

Carbonate materials would form in the oceans more rapidly, the atmospheric CO2 content would decrease, and the greenhouse effect would weaken.

Carbonate materials would form in the oceans more slowly, the atmospheric CO2 content would increase, and the greenhouse effect would strengthen.

Carbonate materials would form in the oceans more rapidly, the atmospheric CO2 content would decrease, and the greenhouse effect would strengthen.

There would be a runaway greenhouse effect, with the earth becoming ever hotter until the oceans evaporated (as may have happened on Venus).

The ice caps would melt and cool the earth back to its normal temperature.

The earth's volcanoes did not outgas as much carbon dioxide as those on Venus and Mars.

Most of the carbon dioxide was lost during the age of bombardment.

Chemical reactions with other gases destroyed the carbon dioxide and replaced it with the nitrogen that is in the atmosphere now.

Carbon dioxide dissolves in water, and most of it is now contained in the oceans and carbonate rocks.

Earth doesn't have as strong a greenhouse effect as is present on Venus.