AP Biology Plant Quiz

Xylem is a vascular tissue that functions in the transport of water through plants. This tissue is responsible for carrying water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, including the leaves. It forms a network of tubes that provide support and also helps in the movement of water against gravity. Without xylem, plants would not be able to absorb water and nutrients efficiently, leading to their inability to survive and grow.

The correct answer is a mature ovary. This is because a fruit is formed from the mature ovary of a flower after fertilization has occurred. The ovary contains the ovules, which develop into seeds when fertilized. The ovary wall then becomes the fruit, protecting the seeds and aiding in their dispersal. Therefore, a fruit is most commonly a mature ovary.

Bryophytes are the simplest phyla of plants. They are non-vascular plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes reproduce through spores and require moist environments to survive. They play an important role in ecosystems by stabilizing soil and providing habitats for other organisms. Unlike pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, bryophytes do not have seeds or flowers. They are considered the most primitive group of land plants and have unique adaptations to survive in diverse environments.

The anther and filament are male structures in flowers. The anther is responsible for producing pollen, which contains the male reproductive cells. The filament is the stalk that supports the anther and positions it for optimal pollen dispersal. These structures are part of the stamen, which is the male reproductive organ in flowers. The other options, sepal and petal, stigma and style, and carpel, are either female structures or not directly involved in the male reproductive process.

Fern is the correct answer because it is a land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a sporophyte dominant life cycle. Ferns have a distinct alternation of generations, with the dominant phase being the sporophyte generation. The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis, which develop into gametophytes. The gametophytes produce flagellated sperm and eggs, and fertilization occurs when the sperm swim to the eggs. This life cycle is characteristic of ferns.

Phloem is a vascular tissue that is responsible for transporting organic food substances through plants. This includes sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients that are produced in the leaves during photosynthesis and need to be transported to other parts of the plant for growth and metabolism. Phloem consists of specialized cells called sieve tubes that form a continuous network throughout the plant, allowing for the efficient transport of these organic food substances.

The stigma and style are the female reproductive structures of flowers. The stigma is the sticky surface at the top of the carpel where pollen grains land and germinate. The style is the elongated tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary, allowing the pollen tube to grow and deliver the sperm cells to the ovules for fertilization. Therefore, the correct answer is stigma and style.

Parenchyma tissue is often used to store extra carbohydrates and conduct photosynthesis. This tissue is found in various parts of plants, such as leaves, stems, and roots. It consists of living cells with thin cell walls, which allows for the exchange of gases and nutrients necessary for photosynthesis. Additionally, parenchyma cells have large vacuoles that can store carbohydrates, such as starch. These characteristics make parenchyma tissue well-suited for storing excess carbohydrates and performing photosynthesis.

A plant that has small, green petals is most likely to be wind pollinated. Wind-pollinated plants typically have small, inconspicuous flowers with no need for bright colors or attractive scents to attract pollinators. Instead, they rely on the wind to carry their pollen from the male to the female flowers. The small, green petals of such plants serve the purpose of protecting the reproductive structures and ensuring efficient pollen transfer by wind.

The development of seeds is not shared by all phyla of vascular plants. While seeds are a common feature in many phyla, such as gymnosperms and angiosperms, there are some phyla, like ferns, that do not produce seeds. Ferns reproduce through spores instead of seeds. Therefore, the development of seeds is not a characteristic shared by all phyla of vascular plants.

Mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition by absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae. This symbiotic relationship between the plant roots and fungi allows the plant to access nutrients that may be otherwise unavailable. The fungal hyphae extend into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. This enables the plant to uptake essential minerals such as phosphorus and nitrogen more efficiently, leading to improved plant growth and nutrition.

When leaves begin to wilt due to drought stress, the stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf. This is because the stomata are responsible for the exchange of gases, including CO2, between the leaf and the atmosphere. When the stomata close, the leaf is unable to take in CO2, which is essential for photosynthesis. As a result, the productivity of the crop declines because photosynthesis cannot occur efficiently without an adequate supply of CO2.

The analogy in this question is comparing the relationship between a pollen grain and a male gametophyte to the relationship between something else and an embryo sac. The correct answer is "male gametophyte; embryo sac" because a pollen grain is the male gametophyte in plants, responsible for fertilizing the female gametophyte (embryo sac) in the process of sexual reproduction.

A stoma is a small pore found on the surface of leaves and stems of plants. Its main function is to facilitate gas exchange in plants by allowing the entry of carbon dioxide (import) and the exit of oxygen (export). This is essential for the process of photosynthesis, where plants use carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose. Therefore, the correct answer is "Import carbon dioxide; export oxygen."

The given options are related to different parts of a plant and their functions. The epidermis is responsible for protection, stomata are involved in gas exchange, and spongy mesophyll also plays a role in gas exchange. However, the palisade mesophyll is not involved in translocation. Translocation refers to the movement of sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant. This process primarily occurs in the phloem tissue, not in the palisade mesophyll. Therefore, the statement that palisade mesophyll is involved in translocation is incorrect.

Double fertilization refers to the process in flowering plants where two sperm cells from the male gametophyte (pollen) fertilize two different structures within the female reproductive system. One sperm fertilizes the egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote, which develops into an embryo. The other sperm fertilizes the central cell, which contains the polar nuclei, resulting in the formation of the endosperm. Therefore, the correct answer is "A male gametophyte fertilizing one ovule and one endosperm."

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms have several similarities, including the presence of seeds, pollen, and vascular tissue. However, the one feature that differentiates them is the presence of ovaries. Gymnosperms do not have ovaries, while Angiosperms do. Ovaries are the female reproductive organs that contain the eggs and develop into fruits after fertilization in Angiosperms. Therefore, ovaries are not common to both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

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Gymnosperms and angiosperms are both characterized by the presence of seeds and pollen, which are not found in other plants. Additionally, they both have a reduced gametophyte stage, known as a minor gametophyte. However, the alternation of generation is a characteristic that is not unique to gymnosperms and angiosperms, as it is also present in other plant groups such as ferns and mosses. Therefore, the correct answer is alternation of generation.

Plants obtain most of their mass from carbon dioxide. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce glucose, which serves as a building block for organic materials such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Water, soil minerals, and atmospheric oxygen are also essential for plant growth, but they do not contribute as significantly to the overall mass of organic material in a plant as carbon dioxide does.

Imbibition is the process by which a seed absorbs water and swells, leading to the activation of enzymes and metabolic processes necessary for germination. It is a crucial condition for breaking dormancy in almost all seeds. Exposure to light, abrasion of the seed coat, exposure to cold, and covering of fertile soil may be required by some specific seeds, but imbibition is a common requirement for most seeds to break dormancy.