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Side A ------ Side B
Closed system  ------ Important factors that influence environment is controlled by the experimenterConfident that IV causes change in DVRule out rival hypothesisNot always possible High internal validity 
Open System  ------ Participants can be influenced by a number of factors in which the researchers have little to no control used when strong experimental designs are not possible Use common sense and reasoning to interpret data 
Quasi-experimental designs  ------ used to evaluate the impact of a variable on an ongoing process 
Correlational designs  ------ describe the relationship between two variables 
Naturalistic Observations  ------ describe an ongoing process in its natural setting 
Quasi experimental designs:Time series design  ------ Within-subjects design Useful when interested in the effects of an event that has happened to all of the population being studied single-group pretest-posttest design, weak design 
Quasi experimental designs:Interrupted time series design  ------ several pretest and posttest measurements Can add reversal of phenomenon to add confidence to results 
Quasi experimental designs:Longitudinal designs  ------ Time is one of the independent variables (related to time series design)same participants assessed over multiple time points but nothing is introduced between any of the time pointsPotential confounds 
Quasi experimental designs:Nonequivalent control group posttest- only  ------ Exp. group         X       01 Non equivalent control group         O1Used to compare effectiveness of some program when random assignment is not possible low internal validity - bc groups arent similar and don`t know how they differ because no pretestWeak design 
Quasi-experimental Designs:Nonequivalent before after design  ------ Pretest provides baseline infoVery informative when random assignment is not possible Used in educational researchCompare the differences between before and after scores 
Test writing productivity, u of s tests program, u of r control group. Whats happening Threats to internal validity:  ------ Both are increasing, so something else is affecting it Maturation- could just be because one program is writing more than the other History`- because of pretest people want to get better, so they use feedback to write better 
 ------ No increase with u of r but there is an increase with u of sMight conclude that the program is effective because of the increase Could be because of ceiling effects - u of r might already be at the topRegression effects towards the means
 ------ No increase in u of r but in crease in u of s started out similar More confidence in the effectiveness of the program Selection by maturation: no random assignment, so u of s might attract students that are stronger writers 
 ------ Strongest evidence that program is working Most confidence in program 
Quasi experimental designs:Optimizing nonequivalent before after designs  ------ try to get control groups as similar as possible to experimental groupcollect as much demographic info as possibleknowing how groups differ increases confidence in results 
Quasi-experimental designs:Retrospective and ex post facto designs  ------ Attempts to use empirical procedures to study something that happened in the past, try to suggest meaningful relationshipsWeak forms of inference but can be used in testing alternative hypothesesMore in correlational studiesAlways threats to internal validity
Quasi-experimental designs:Comparative time series designExx. ------ asses two or more variables at different time periods to see how one variable relates to changes in the other Compare fatalities per 1000 canadians to the number of provinces banning cell phone use while driving 
Why do we use quasi-experimental designs  ------ to study interesting events in real world settings that can not be studied in a lab enhances external validity ethics 


Head start study-Early childhood prgram in the US for preschoolers from low SES homes -Comparison group identified using achievement scoresmatched group not similar SES backgroundsWhat kind of design 

 ------ Non-equivalent pretest posttest design 
Employees at an electronics company assessed for job burnout before and after a scheduled vacationlevel of burnout was assessed before, during and after the 2 week vacation What kind of design  ------ Interrupted time-series design 
 ------ not maturation because no stead inc or decmaybe selection by history effects- vacation might be in summer so people happier in summerAttrition- might be people who are less burned out doing the test on vacation 
Correlational studies  ------ Describes a relationship between two variables does not imply causality, doesnt attempt to show how one influences the other 
Correlation coefficient factors that influence it  ------ stat used for establishing relationship degreefactors:restricted range, outliers, reliability of measures Lack of correlation rules out possibility of causality 
Advanced Correlational strategies  ------ Regressional analysisCross-lagged panel and structural equation analysisMultielevel modelingfactor analysis 
Naturalistic Observations  ------ Pay attention and observeUseful in complex situationsuseful when little is known 
Problems when making observations  ------ Reactive behaviour- participant is influenced by presenceUnobtrusive observations- undectectedSelective perception- when observers record things they expect to seeFatigue and boredom 
When anaylzing observations  what do you do  ------ review data several timeslook for patternsevaluate atypical behaviourevaluate any theoretical ideas you may have had
Factors to be considered when decideing whether you or not you should conceal your identity  ------ observing highly reactive behaviorsif behaviour will be different then use some consealageIf there is much to be gained by personally experiencing and wont be significantly influenced then participate 
Naturalistic observation advantages and disadvantages  ------ Adv.:Describe behavious as it naturally occurssutdies behavioural processes over a period of timeDIsadv:tend to be qualitativerepresentativeness of sample may be compromiseddoesn`t provide info about how one variable influences the other 
Four categories of Behavioural research  ------ Descriptivecorrelationalquasi-experimentalexperimental

Side A ------ Side B
Closed system  ------ Important factors that influence environment is controlled by the experimenterConfident that IV causes change in DVRule out rival hypothesisNot always possible High internal validity 
Open System  ------ Participants can be influenced by a number of factors in which the researchers have little to no control used when strong experimental designs are not possible Use common sense and reasoning to interpret data 
Quasi-experimental designs  ------ used to evaluate the impact of a variable on an ongoing process 
Correlational designs  ------ describe the relationship between two variables 
Naturalistic Observations  ------ describe an ongoing process in its natural setting 
Quasi experimental designs:Time series design  ------ Within-subjects design Useful when interested in the effects of an event that has happened to all of the population being studied single-group pretest-posttest design, weak design 
Quasi experimental designs:Interrupted time series design  ------ several pretest and posttest measurements Can add reversal of phenomenon to add confidence to results 
Quasi experimental designs:Longitudinal designs  ------ Time is one of the independent variables (related to time series design)same participants assessed over multiple time points but nothing is introduced between any of the time pointsPotential confounds 
Quasi experimental designs:Nonequivalent control group posttest- only  ------ Exp. group         X       01 Non equivalent control group         O1Used to compare effectiveness of some program when random assignment is not possible low internal validity - bc groups arent similar and don`t know how they differ because no pretestWeak design 
Quasi-experimental Designs:Nonequivalent before after design  ------ Pretest provides baseline infoVery informative when random assignment is not possible Used in educational researchCompare the differences between before and after scores 
Test writing productivity, u of s tests program, u of r control group. Whats happening Threats to internal validity:  ------ Both are increasing, so something else is affecting it Maturation- could just be because one program is writing more than the other History`- because of pretest people want to get better, so they use feedback to write better 
 ------ No increase with u of r but there is an increase with u of sMight conclude that the program is effective because of the increase Could be because of ceiling effects - u of r might already be at the topRegression effects towards the means
 ------ No increase in u of r but in crease in u of s started out similar More confidence in the effectiveness of the program Selection by maturation: no random assignment, so u of s might attract students that are stronger writers 
 ------ Strongest evidence that program is working Most confidence in program 
Quasi experimental designs:Optimizing nonequivalent before after designs  ------ try to get control groups as similar as possible to experimental groupcollect as much demographic info as possibleknowing how groups differ increases confidence in results 
Quasi-experimental designs:Retrospective and ex post facto designs  ------ Attempts to use empirical procedures to study something that happened in the past, try to suggest meaningful relationshipsWeak forms of inference but can be used in testing alternative hypothesesMore in correlational studiesAlways threats to internal validity
Quasi-experimental designs:Comparative time series designExx. ------ asses two or more variables at different time periods to see how one variable relates to changes in the other Compare fatalities per 1000 canadians to the number of provinces banning cell phone use while driving 
Why do we use quasi-experimental designs  ------ to study interesting events in real world settings that can not be studied in a lab enhances external validity ethics

Head start study-Early childhood prgram in the US for preschoolers from low SES homes -Comparison group identified using achievement scoresmatched group not similar SES backgroundsWhat kind of design

------ Non-equivalent pretest posttest design 
Employees at an electronics company assessed for job burnout before and after a scheduled vacationlevel of burnout was assessed before, during and after the 2 week vacation What kind of design  ------ Interrupted time-series design 
 ------ not maturation because no stead inc or decmaybe selection by history effects- vacation might be in summer so people happier in summerAttrition- might be people who are less burned out doing the test on vacation 
Correlational studies  ------ Describes a relationship between two variables does not imply causality, doesnt attempt to show how one influences the other 
Correlation coefficient factors that influence it  ------ stat used for establishing relationship degreefactors:restricted range, outliers, reliability of measures Lack of correlation rules out possibility of causality 
Advanced Correlational strategies  ------ Regressional analysisCross-lagged panel and structural equation analysisMultielevel modelingfactor analysis 
Naturalistic Observations  ------ Pay attention and observeUseful in complex situationsuseful when little is known 
Problems when making observations  ------ Reactive behaviour- participant is influenced by presenceUnobtrusive observations- undectectedSelective perception- when observers record things they expect to seeFatigue and boredom 
When anaylzing observations  what do you do  ------ review data several timeslook for patternsevaluate atypical behaviourevaluate any theoretical ideas you may have had
Factors to be considered when decideing whether you or not you should conceal your identity  ------ observing highly reactive behaviorsif behaviour will be different then use some consealageIf there is much to be gained by personally experiencing and wont be significantly influenced then participate 
Naturalistic observation advantages and disadvantages  ------ Adv.:Describe behavious as it naturally occurssutdies behavioural processes over a period of timeDIsadv:tend to be qualitativerepresentativeness of sample may be compromiseddoesn`t provide info about how one variable influences the other 
Four categories of Behavioural research  ------ Descriptivecorrelationalquasi-experimentalexperimental