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Side A ------ Side B
external barriers (non specific resistance) ------ defends against invasion of pathogens
pathogens ------ disease-producing agents that include infectious organisms, toxic chemicals and radiation
human environment for pathogens ------ human body harbors billions of bacteria because homeostasis provides ideal temperature, moisture and PH nutrients for microbial life
___________ and ____________ are first line of defense against pathogens ------ skin and mucous membranes
skin= ------ too dry and nutrient weak for microbes to survive
epidermal cells and keratin ------ provide mechanical mechanical barriers against microbes
antimicrobial chemicals and lactic acid ------ come from sweat and form coating over skin
sebaceous glands ------ secrete sebum to form protective film over skin
mucous membranes ------ line body cavities that are exposed to the exterior, secretes mucous that traps microbes
areolar connective tissue ------ contains hyaluronic acid which gives it thick, sticky consistency which make it hard for microbes to penetrate them
lacrimal apparatus ------ secrete tears to prevent microbes from infecting eyeballs
saliva ------ dilutes the number of microorganisms and washes them from mouth and teeth 
sweat glands ------ produce perspiration to flush microorganisms from the skin
mucous, tears, saliva, and perspiration contain: ------ lysozomes
lysozomes ------ dissolve bacterial walls
urine ------ prevents bacterial growth in urinary system by constantly flushing the urethra
acidic secretions ------ from gastric glands in stomach and in the vagina-stop bacteria growth in intestinal tract and in female reproductive tract
organisms that get past the skin and mucous membranes are attacked by _________________ ------ phagocytes
neutrophils ------ usually phagocytize bacteria but can also kill bacteria with chemicals
killing zone ------ neutrophils release enzyme to form a killing zone around itself
neutrophils contain ------ hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite 
natural killer (NK) cells ------ are large lympocytes made in red bone marrow which can kill a variety of bacteria-they also can host cancerous or virus infected cells
natural killers release ------ perforins
perforins ------ rupture the membranes and destroy target cells
macrophages ------ develop from monocytes and become scavenger cells
wandering macrophages ------ leave the blood and seek out pathogens
fixed macrophages ------ stand guard in tissues and/or organs and phagocytize bacteria that come to them
antimicrobial proteins ------ provide second line of defense when pathogen penetrates skin and mucous membranes
interferons ------ proteins that are produced and released by cells that are cancerous or infected with viruses-stimulate uninfected neighboring cells the produce antiviral proteins that will inhibit viral replication-stimulate phagocytosis and activate NK cells
complement system ------ a group of 30 or more proteins made by the liver and circulate in blood plasma in inactive form
activation by a pathogen.... ------ splits complement proteins into fragments that can destroy pathogen by inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis and cytolysis
classical pathway ------ requires activation of antibodies-makes it a part of the immune response
alternative pathway ------ non-specific -active complement fragments bind to viruses and bacteria
lectin pathway ------ binds plasma proteins to particular carbohydrates to initiate reaction cascade
inflammation ------ local response to tissue damaged-designed to limit spread of pathogen, to remove debris associated with damaged tissue-initiate tissue repair
characteristics of inflammation ------ redness, swelling, heat and pain
words ending in "itis" indicate:  ------ inflammation
occurence of inflammation ------ can occur anywhere in the body but is most common in the skin
mediation of inflammation ------ mediated by cytokine proteins that alter physiology or behavior of the recipient cell
local vasodilation ------ increases blood flow to the damaged tissue causing hyperemia
hyperemia ------ redness and heat in inflamed region
mast cells release ------ histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrines
histamines, kinins, prostaglandins and leukotines: ------ increase permeability of blood vessels and promote filtration of fluid from blood into interstitial spaces
soon after inflammation occurs... ------ damaged tissue is flooded with leukocytes-leads to increased WBC count (inflammation)
when tissue is filled with leukocytes ------ neutrophils cling to the inner walls of the capillaries to signal location of inflammation
diapedesis ------ allows leukocytes to change shape and crawl through capillary walls to interstitial fluid
pathogens are contained and destroyed before... ------ they can spread throughout the entire body
fibrinogen ------ forms clot around the damaged tissue and keeps pathogens out
heparin ------ prevents blood from clotting in vicinity of injury
chemotaxis ------ site of injury or infection
neutrophil are attracted by___________ and begin to ___________________ ------ chemicals that guide them to the chemotaxis; and being to phagocytize and destroy bacteria
neutrophils attract __________ and more ______________ by secreting ______________ ------ monocytes; and more neutrophil; by secreting cytokines
monocytes ------ arrive 8-12 hours after injury and become wandering macrophages and engulf remaining bacteria, host cells, worn neutrophils and debris
monocytes act as ------ antigen presenting cells-activate the immune response
pus ------ dead and dying phagocytes, cellular debris, and living and dead pathogens get surrounded by thick yellowish pus -accumulates in abscess
blister ------ pus is usually drained from infection site but if it cannot drain from inflammation site blister may form and may need surgical drainage
fever ------ an abnormal elevation of body temperature resulting from trauma or infection
fever promotes ------ interferon activity, metabolic rate, inhibits reproduction of bacteria or viruses, and accelerates tissue repair
neutrophils and macrophages ------ secrete fever producing agents to raise hypothalamic set point for body temperature
neutrophils and macrophages ::: ------ -causes shivering to generate heat and vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss-temperature oscillates around new-set-point as long as pathogen is present-when pathogen is finally destroyed secretion of fever-producing agents halt and hypothalamic set point returns to normal -vasodilation and sweating occur
reye syndrome ------ in children under 15, some viral infections are followed by Reye syndrome
triggers of reye syndrome ------ aspirin--children shouldn't take aspirin when they have the chicken pox or flu like symptoms

Side A ------ Side B
external barriers (non specific resistance) ------ defends against invasion of pathogens
pathogens ------ disease-producing agents that include infectious organisms, toxic chemicals and radiation
human environment for pathogens ------ human body harbors billions of bacteria because homeostasis provides ideal temperature, moisture and PH nutrients for microbial life
___________ and ____________ are first line of defense against pathogens ------ skin and mucous membranes
skin= ------ too dry and nutrient weak for microbes to survive
epidermal cells and keratin ------ provide mechanical mechanical barriers against microbes
antimicrobial chemicals and lactic acid ------ come from sweat and form coating over skin
sebaceous glands ------ secrete sebum to form protective film over skin
mucous membranes ------ line body cavities that are exposed to the exterior, secretes mucous that traps microbes
areolar connective tissue ------ contains hyaluronic acid which gives it thick, sticky consistency which make it hard for microbes to penetrate them
lacrimal apparatus ------ secrete tears to prevent microbes from infecting eyeballs
saliva ------ dilutes the number of microorganisms and washes them from mouth and teeth 
sweat glands ------ produce perspiration to flush microorganisms from the skin
mucous, tears, saliva, and perspiration contain: ------ lysozomes
lysozomes ------ dissolve bacterial walls
urine ------ prevents bacterial growth in urinary system by constantly flushing the urethra
acidic secretions ------ from gastric glands in stomach and in the vagina-stop bacteria growth in intestinal tract and in female reproductive tract
organisms that get past the skin and mucous membranes are attacked by _________________ ------ phagocytes
neutrophils ------ usually phagocytize bacteria but can also kill bacteria with chemicals
killing zone ------ neutrophils release enzyme to form a killing zone around itself
neutrophils contain ------ hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite 
natural killer (NK) cells ------ are large lympocytes made in red bone marrow which can kill a variety of bacteria-they also can host cancerous or virus infected cells
natural killers release ------ perforins
perforins ------ rupture the membranes and destroy target cells
macrophages ------ develop from monocytes and become scavenger cells
wandering macrophages ------ leave the blood and seek out pathogens
fixed macrophages ------ stand guard in tissues and/or organs and phagocytize bacteria that come to them
antimicrobial proteins ------ provide second line of defense when pathogen penetrates skin and mucous membranes
interferons ------ proteins that are produced and released by cells that are cancerous or infected with viruses-stimulate uninfected neighboring cells the produce antiviral proteins that will inhibit viral replication-stimulate phagocytosis and activate NK cells
complement system ------ a group of 30 or more proteins made by the liver and circulate in blood plasma in inactive form
activation by a pathogen.... ------ splits complement proteins into fragments that can destroy pathogen by inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis and cytolysis
classical pathway ------ requires activation of antibodies-makes it a part of the immune response
alternative pathway ------ non-specific -active complement fragments bind to viruses and bacteria
lectin pathway ------ binds plasma proteins to particular carbohydrates to initiate reaction cascade
inflammation ------ local response to tissue damaged-designed to limit spread of pathogen, to remove debris associated with damaged tissue-initiate tissue repair
characteristics of inflammation ------ redness, swelling, heat and pain
words ending in "itis" indicate:  ------ inflammation
occurence of inflammation ------ can occur anywhere in the body but is most common in the skin
mediation of inflammation ------ mediated by cytokine proteins that alter physiology or behavior of the recipient cell
local vasodilation ------ increases blood flow to the damaged tissue causing hyperemia
hyperemia ------ redness and heat in inflamed region
mast cells release ------ histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrines
histamines, kinins, prostaglandins and leukotines: ------ increase permeability of blood vessels and promote filtration of fluid from blood into interstitial spaces
soon after inflammation occurs... ------ damaged tissue is flooded with leukocytes-leads to increased WBC count (inflammation)
when tissue is filled with leukocytes ------ neutrophils cling to the inner walls of the capillaries to signal location of inflammation
diapedesis ------ allows leukocytes to change shape and crawl through capillary walls to interstitial fluid
pathogens are contained and destroyed before... ------ they can spread throughout the entire body
fibrinogen ------ forms clot around the damaged tissue and keeps pathogens out
heparin ------ prevents blood from clotting in vicinity of injury
chemotaxis ------ site of injury or infection
neutrophil are attracted by___________ and begin to ___________________ ------ chemicals that guide them to the chemotaxis; and being to phagocytize and destroy bacteria
neutrophils attract __________ and more ______________ by secreting ______________ ------ monocytes; and more neutrophil; by secreting cytokines
monocytes ------ arrive 8-12 hours after injury and become wandering macrophages and engulf remaining bacteria, host cells, worn neutrophils and debris
monocytes act as ------ antigen presenting cells-activate the immune response
pus ------ dead and dying phagocytes, cellular debris, and living and dead pathogens get surrounded by thick yellowish pus -accumulates in abscess
blister ------ pus is usually drained from infection site but if it cannot drain from inflammation site blister may form and may need surgical drainage
fever ------ an abnormal elevation of body temperature resulting from trauma or infection
fever promotes ------ interferon activity, metabolic rate, inhibits reproduction of bacteria or viruses, and accelerates tissue repair
neutrophils and macrophages ------ secrete fever producing agents to raise hypothalamic set point for body temperature
neutrophils and macrophages ::: ------ -causes shivering to generate heat and vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss-temperature oscillates around new-set-point as long as pathogen is present-when pathogen is finally destroyed secretion of fever-producing agents halt and hypothalamic set point returns to normal -vasodilation and sweating occur
reye syndrome ------ in children under 15, some viral infections are followed by Reye syndrome
triggers of reye syndrome ------ aspirin--children shouldn't take aspirin when they have the chicken pox or flu like symptoms