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Side A ------ Side B
susceptibility ------ lack of resistance to a disease
immuntiy ------ ability to ward off a disease
innate immunity ------ defense against any pathogen
adaptive immunity ------ immunity resistance to a specific pathogen
physical host defense factors of skin ------ epidermis (tightly packed cells with kerotine - protective protein)
physical host defense factors of mucous membrane ------ ciliary escalator; microbes trapped in mucous transported away from lungs
physical host defense factors of lacrimal apparatus ------ washes eye
physical host defense factors of saliva, urine, vaginal secretions ------ washes microbes off
host chemical defense factors of fungistatic ------ fatty acid in sebum
host chemical defense factors of lysozyme ------ antibacterial enzyme in: sweat, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids
host chemical defense factors of gastric juice and skin ------ it has a low pH 
host chemical defense factors of transferrins ------ bind to iron that impedes bacterial survival
host chemical defense factors of normal micorbiota ------ compete with pathogens
differential white cell count ------ percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 WBC's 
leukocytes ------ WBC: neutophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, monocytes, lymphocytes
neutrophils ------ phagocytes
basophils ------ produce histamines
eosinophils ------ toxic to paracites also responsible for allergies
dendritic cells ------ initiates adaptive immune response
monocytes ------ phagocytic as a mature macrophage
lymphocytes ------ involved in specific immunity
Inflammation ------ redness pain heat swelling (edema)
Acute phase proteins are activated ------ proteins like complement (pokes holes), cytokines and kinins which attract WBC's
vasodilation ------ histamine causes blood vessels to dialate leaking WBC making redness and swelling
When fever present ------ G- endotoxin causes phagocytes to release IL-1, hypothalamus releases prostaglandins to reset hypothalamus to higher temp. Bodys temp increases. When IL-1 eliminated, temp falls (crisis).
fever advantages ------ too warm for some pathogens, innactivates some toxins, enhances immune responsemakes you feel ill and want to rest
disadvantages to fever ------ tachycardia, acidosis, dehydration
The compliment system ------ serum proteins activated in a cascade
opsonization or immune adherence ------ cell coated with proteins cause enhanced phagocytosis (adds handles)
membrane attack complex forms ------ cytolysis (process of making the hole) of bacterial cells
compliment proteins attract  ------ phagocytes
Alpha & Beta IFNs (interferons) cause  ------ cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication
Innate immunity defense against ------ any pathogen
adaptive immunity is ------ specific antibody and lymphocytes to an antigen developed over a lifetime
lymphatic system returns ------ tissue fluid to cirrculation which is the "home" for the immune system
Antigen is ------ a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies (for in fluid) or sensitized T cells ( for inside the cell).
Antibody is ------ protiens made in response to an antigen, can combine with the Ag
Compliment  ------ serum proteins that bind to Ab in an Ag-Ab reaction; causes cell lysis
hummoral immuntiy involves  ------ antibodies (produced by B cells) that attack microbes in body fluids
B cells recognizes Ag by ------ Ab on their surfaces (*only B cells make Ab)
Cell-mediated immunity involves ------ T cell that attack microbes within body cells: kills the entire infected host cell
serology ------ the study of reactions between Ab and Ag
globulins ------ serum(blood) protein
immunoglobulins ------ aka Ab
IgG Ab ------ most common, enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses
IgM Ab ------ agglutinates microbes, 1st Ab produced in response to an infection
IgA Ab ------ mucosal protection
IgD Ab ------ innate immune response
IgE Ab ------ allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms
Ag presenting cells  ------ macrophage pathogen, places it on surface (bound by MHC - "self" marker protein) and presents it as a self marker
Humoral response ------ activation of B cells
antibody diversity ------ countless random variations of Ab
clonal selection ------ Ag binds to one of the countless random variations of Ab
clonal expansion ------ causes a specific B cell to multiply
plasma cells is an Ab that secrets ------ B clones to fight current infection
memory cells are ------ B clones stored in lymph tissue for future infections
T-independant Ag ------ do NOT require a T helper cell to activate B cells, polysaccharide weak response 
T-dependant Ag ------ DO require T helper cells to activate B cells, protein strong response
Result of Ag-Ab binding - neutralization of toxin ------ prevents binding to cell receptors, encourages phagocytosis
Result of Ag-Ab binding - opsonization (coating) of bacteria ------ prevents binding to tissues, encourages phagocytosis
Result of Ag-Ab binding - agglutination / immune complex formation  ------ IgM clumps bacteria, prevents spread, encourages phagocytosis
T-helper cells are activated to reproduce when ------ presented Ag, also activated TH memory cells, activates B-cells
cytotoxic T cells activated to produce when  ------ presented antigen by a microphage
natural killer ------ cells destroy other cells 
cytokines ------ a way for immune system cells to communicate
immunologic memory ------ B and T memory cells stored in lymph tissues
naturally acquired ACTIVE immunity ------ resulting from infection
naturally acquired PASSIVE immunity  ------ transplacental or via colostrum
artificially acquired ACTIVE immunity  ------ injection of antigens (vaccination)
artificially acquired PASSIVE immuntiy ------ injection of antibodies
vaccine ------ substance containing Ag
inactivated whole agent  ------ killed organisms
attenuated whole agent ------ live, weakend microbes - most closely mimics actual infection
subunit ------ contains antigenic fragments
recombinant ------ Ag produced by engineered bacteria
subunit recombinant vaccines safest ------ no whole microbes
conjugated vaccine ------ stronger immune response to polysaccharide Ag in children
toxoid ------ inactive form of toxin
monoclonal antibodies (MABS) ------ single type of purified Ab, mass produced, fused WBC/cancer cells, used to detect almost any kind of chemical 
serology ------ immunocological testing
direct test ------ uses Ab to detect Ag in patients sample
indirect test ------ uses Ag to detect Ab in patients serum
precipitation reaction ------ involve soluble Ag with Ab. agglutinated complex visible precipitates in a + test
agglutination reaction ------ invole participate Ag and Ab (blood type testing)
if Ab titer increases ------ body is fighting an infection
Ab titer ------ concentration of Ab
viral hemagglutination ------ involvees agglutination of RBC
viral hemagglutination inhibtion ------ Ab bind to virus preventing hemagglutination, reveals presence of Ab
tagged antibody assay ------ detects low concentration of Ag/Ab using tag
flourescent Ab techniques ------ attach flourescent dye to Ab, specific Ag "glow" under UV light
ELISA ------ enzymethat causes media to change color attached to Ab, color change = positive test

Side A ------ Side B
susceptibility ------ lack of resistance to a disease
immuntiy ------ ability to ward off a disease
innate immunity ------ defense against any pathogen
adaptive immunity ------ immunity resistance to a specific pathogen
physical host defense factors of skin ------ epidermis (tightly packed cells with kerotine - protective protein)
physical host defense factors of mucous membrane ------ ciliary escalator; microbes trapped in mucous transported away from lungs
physical host defense factors of lacrimal apparatus ------ washes eye
physical host defense factors of saliva, urine, vaginal secretions ------ washes microbes off
host chemical defense factors of fungistatic ------ fatty acid in sebum
host chemical defense factors of lysozyme ------ antibacterial enzyme in: sweat, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids
host chemical defense factors of gastric juice and skin ------ it has a low pH 
host chemical defense factors of transferrins ------ bind to iron that impedes bacterial survival
host chemical defense factors of normal micorbiota ------ compete with pathogens
differential white cell count ------ percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 WBC's 
leukocytes ------ WBC: neutophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, monocytes, lymphocytes
neutrophils ------ phagocytes
basophils ------ produce histamines
eosinophils ------ toxic to paracites also responsible for allergies
dendritic cells ------ initiates adaptive immune response
monocytes ------ phagocytic as a mature macrophage
lymphocytes ------ involved in specific immunity
Inflammation ------ redness pain heat swelling (edema)
Acute phase proteins are activated ------ proteins like complement (pokes holes), cytokines and kinins which attract WBC's
vasodilation ------ histamine causes blood vessels to dialate leaking WBC making redness and swelling
When fever present ------ G- endotoxin causes phagocytes to release IL-1, hypothalamus releases prostaglandins to reset hypothalamus to higher temp. Bodys temp increases. When IL-1 eliminated, temp falls (crisis).
fever advantages ------ too warm for some pathogens, innactivates some toxins, enhances immune responsemakes you feel ill and want to rest
disadvantages to fever ------ tachycardia, acidosis, dehydration
The compliment system ------ serum proteins activated in a cascade
opsonization or immune adherence ------ cell coated with proteins cause enhanced phagocytosis (adds handles)
membrane attack complex forms ------ cytolysis (process of making the hole) of bacterial cells
compliment proteins attract  ------ phagocytes
Alpha & Beta IFNs (interferons) cause  ------ cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication
Innate immunity defense against ------ any pathogen
adaptive immunity is ------ specific antibody and lymphocytes to an antigen developed over a lifetime
lymphatic system returns ------ tissue fluid to cirrculation which is the "home" for the immune system
Antigen is ------ a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies (for in fluid) or sensitized T cells ( for inside the cell).
Antibody is ------ protiens made in response to an antigen, can combine with the Ag
Compliment  ------ serum proteins that bind to Ab in an Ag-Ab reaction; causes cell lysis
hummoral immuntiy involves  ------ antibodies (produced by B cells) that attack microbes in body fluids
B cells recognizes Ag by ------ Ab on their surfaces (*only B cells make Ab)
Cell-mediated immunity involves ------ T cell that attack microbes within body cells: kills the entire infected host cell
serology ------ the study of reactions between Ab and Ag
globulins ------ serum(blood) protein
immunoglobulins ------ aka Ab
IgG Ab ------ most common, enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses
IgM Ab ------ agglutinates microbes, 1st Ab produced in response to an infection
IgA Ab ------ mucosal protection
IgD Ab ------ innate immune response
IgE Ab ------ allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms
Ag presenting cells  ------ macrophage pathogen, places it on surface (bound by MHC - "self" marker protein) and presents it as a self marker
Humoral response ------ activation of B cells
antibody diversity ------ countless random variations of Ab
clonal selection ------ Ag binds to one of the countless random variations of Ab
clonal expansion ------ causes a specific B cell to multiply
plasma cells is an Ab that secrets ------ B clones to fight current infection
memory cells are ------ B clones stored in lymph tissue for future infections
T-independant Ag ------ do NOT require a T helper cell to activate B cells, polysaccharide weak response 
T-dependant Ag ------ DO require T helper cells to activate B cells, protein strong response
Result of Ag-Ab binding - neutralization of toxin ------ prevents binding to cell receptors, encourages phagocytosis
Result of Ag-Ab binding - opsonization (coating) of bacteria ------ prevents binding to tissues, encourages phagocytosis
Result of Ag-Ab binding - agglutination / immune complex formation  ------ IgM clumps bacteria, prevents spread, encourages phagocytosis
T-helper cells are activated to reproduce when ------ presented Ag, also activated TH memory cells, activates B-cells
cytotoxic T cells activated to produce when  ------ presented antigen by a microphage
natural killer ------ cells destroy other cells 
cytokines ------ a way for immune system cells to communicate
immunologic memory ------ B and T memory cells stored in lymph tissues
naturally acquired ACTIVE immunity ------ resulting from infection
naturally acquired PASSIVE immunity  ------ transplacental or via colostrum
artificially acquired ACTIVE immunity  ------ injection of antigens (vaccination)
artificially acquired PASSIVE immuntiy ------ injection of antibodies
vaccine ------ substance containing Ag
inactivated whole agent  ------ killed organisms
attenuated whole agent ------ live, weakend microbes - most closely mimics actual infection
subunit ------ contains antigenic fragments
recombinant ------ Ag produced by engineered bacteria
subunit recombinant vaccines safest ------ no whole microbes
conjugated vaccine ------ stronger immune response to polysaccharide Ag in children
toxoid ------ inactive form of toxin
monoclonal antibodies (MABS) ------ single type of purified Ab, mass produced, fused WBC/cancer cells, used to detect almost any kind of chemical 
serology ------ immunocological testing
direct test ------ uses Ab to detect Ag in patients sample
indirect test ------ uses Ag to detect Ab in patients serum
precipitation reaction ------ involve soluble Ag with Ab. agglutinated complex visible precipitates in a + test
agglutination reaction ------ invole participate Ag and Ab (blood type testing)
if Ab titer increases ------ body is fighting an infection
Ab titer ------ concentration of Ab
viral hemagglutination ------ involvees agglutination of RBC
viral hemagglutination inhibtion ------ Ab bind to virus preventing hemagglutination, reveals presence of Ab
tagged antibody assay ------ detects low concentration of Ag/Ab using tag
flourescent Ab techniques ------ attach flourescent dye to Ab, specific Ag "glow" under UV light
ELISA ------ enzymethat causes media to change color attached to Ab, color change = positive test