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Side A ------ Side B
Functioning Organs of Vision ------ eye and ear
Functional Process of the Eye ------ (1)an image is formed on the retina; (2)the rods and cones are stimulated; (3)nerve impulses are conducted to the brain
Eyeball ------ composed of the sclera, the choroid, and the retina, and is connected to the brain by optic nerve
Sclera ------ external production
Cornea ------ light refraction
Choroid ------ middle layer of the tissue
Ciliary Body ------ secretion of vitreous fluid
Iris ------ color portion
Retina ------ back of eye, responsible for night vision
Rods ------ means of distinguishing light from dark, and perceiving shape and movement
Cones ------ color vision
Conjunctiva ------ pink area under eyelid
Anterior Chambers ------ space between the iris
Aqueous Humor ------ the fluid occupying both the anterior and posterior chambers
Vitreous Humar ------ jellylike fluid; it maintains the globular shape of the eyeball and facilitates the refractions of images
Internal lens of the eye ------ is elastic and therefore can focus images whether viewed close or at a distance
Key to sight ------ light ray
Extrinsic muscle ------ each eye has six extrinsic muscles that control the movements of the eye; these muscles pull on the eyeballs, making the two move together to converge on the visual field
Symptoms and signs of eye disorders ------ some eye disorders are signs of systemic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or certain autoimmune arthritic diseases. Common symptoms are: Redness of the eye, pain, itching, or burning in or around the eye, swollen red eyelids, drainage from the eyes, lesions/sores in or around the eyes, visual disturbances, unequal pupils, sudden loss of vision, persistent pain
Opthamologist ------ study every aspect of your eye
Tests to identify eye disorders ------ eye charts, visual field tests, tonometry, eye cultures, dilation, electronystamography (ENG), electroretinography, fluorecein angiography 
Refractive disorders ------ being unable to focus light effectively
Hyperopia (Farsightedness) ------ occurs when light that enters the eye is focused behind the retina rather than on the retina
Myopia (Nearsightedness) ------ the result of light rays entering the eye being focused in front of the retina, causing vision to be blurred
Astigmatism ------ an irregular focusing of the light rays entering the eye
Presbyopia ------ the inability of the internal lens of the eye to focus and then refocus quickly to accommodate variations in distance because of gradual loss of muscle and lens elasticity
Nystagmus ------ involuntary eye movement
Strabismus (cross eyed, lazy eye) ------ a visual defect of misalignment; failure of eyes to look in same direction
Hordeolum (sty) ------ inflammatory infections of the sebaceous glands of the eye lids
Hordeolum (sty) ETIOLOGY ------ often a result of a staphylococcal infection and can be associated with and secondary to blepharitis 
Keratitis ------ inflammation of cornea
Keratitis ETIOLOGY ------ herpes, bacteria/fungi, contact lens wear, dry air, intense light
Blepharitis ------ inflammation of the eyelids involving hair follicles and glands
Blepharitis ETIOLOGY ------ the ulcerative form -staphyloccoal infection. nonulcerative-allergies
Entropian ------ eyelid margin go inward
Ectropian ------ eyelid margin go outward
Blepharoptosis ------ drooping of the upper eyelid
Conjunctivitis ------ inflammation of the conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis ETIOLOGY ------ allergies, chemicals
Cataract ------ when the natural lens of the eye becomes opacified
Cataract SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ deterioration of vision
Cataract ETIOLOGY ------ aging process, congenital, ocular trauma, drug toxicity, systematic disease
Glaucoma ------ damage to the optic nerve
Glaucoma RESULTS ------ blindness
Diabetic Retinopathy ------ disorder of the retinal blood vessels
Diabetic Retinopathy SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ micro aneurysm, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, formation of abnormal new vessels
Diabetic Retinopathy ETIOLOGY ------ usually occurs 8 to 10 years after diagnosis of diabetes
Cancer of the eye ------ may involve the globe, the orbit, the optic nerve, or the eyelids
Functioning organs of hearing ------ the outer, the middle, the inner
Organ of hearing and balance  ------ labyrinth
Outer section Parts ------ external ear (pinna or auricle), external auditory canal
Outer section Function ------ to collect sound waves, or vibrations, from the air or environment and channel them to tympanic membrane (eardrum), which then begins to vibrate
Middle section Parts ------ ear drum, 3 little bones (malleus, incus, stapes)
Middle section Function ------ receives the sound waves from the vibrating ear drum and relays them along the three bones to the oval window
Inner section Parts ------ cochlea and the labyrinth
Inner section Function ------ responsible for maintaining balance
Common signs and symptoms of ear disorders ------ hearing loss, ear pain or pressure, tinnitus, vertigo, nausea and vomiting
Conductive hearing loss ------ caused by an impairment of the eardrum or bones in the middle ear
Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness) ------ results from impairment of the cochlea or auditory nerve
Impacted cerumen ------ atypical accumulation of cerumen in the canal of the outer ear. (ear-wax buildup)
Infective otitis externa ------ inflammation of the external ear canal 
Infective otitis externa HOW DIAGNOSED ------ an otologic examination and a symptoms confirm the diagnosis 
Swimmer's ear ------ inflammation and resulting infection of the outer ear canal after water has been entrapped during swimming
Swimmer's ear SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ severe pain, red swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritis
Otitis media ------ inflammation of the normally air filled ear with the accumulation of the fluid behind the tympanic membrane (eardrum). occurring either unilaterally or bilaterally
Otitis media SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ With serious Otitis media, the only symptoms may be a feeling of fullness or pressure and some degree of impaired hearing. Suppurative Otitis media is painful. General symptoms of infection, fever, chills, nausea and vomiting. Children often rub or pull at the affected ear and lean the head sideways toward the affected side. Dizziness, muffled hearing or loss of hearing.
Otitis media ETIOLOGY ------ can be acute or chronic. with acute, the cause is usually a virus from a URI that has spread through the eustachian tube into the middle ear. Chronic can develop from an acute attack, hypertrophy of the adenoids, or chronic sinus infections. Often follows a bout of influenza or mumps
Otitis media HOW DIAGNOSED ------ Otoscopy
Otitis media TREATMENT ------ Myringotomy (surgical evaluation of the fluid)
Meniere's Disease ------ a chronic disease of the inner ear that affects the labyrinth
Meniere's disease AGE AFFECTED ------ between 40 and 50
Benigh Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo ------ usually a vestibilar system disorder
Benigh Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ a spinning sensation with moving of  head, nausea, vomiting, involuntary eye movement, dizziness
Labrythitis ------ an inflammation or infection of the labyrinth of the inner ear
Labrythitis SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ fever, extreme vertigo, nausea & vomiting
Labrythitis ETIOLOGY ------ usually the result of a virus but can be cause by a bacterial infection that has spread from the middle ear. May also be a result from meningitis
Ruptured Tympanic Membrane ------ any type of tear or injury to the eardrum
Ruptured Tympanic Membrane ETIOLOGY ------ insertion of sharp objects into ear canal, explosion, severe middle ear infection, a blow to the ear
Mastoiditis ------ inflammation of the mastoid bone, or mastoid process
Mastoiditis ETIOLOGY ------ Acute mastoiditis is the result of neglected acute otitis media. Chronic mastoiditis is associated with cholesteatoma
Sensorineual Hearing Loss (deafness) ------ sound waves reach the inner ear but are not perceived because the nerve impulses are not transmitted to the brain
Sensorineual Hearing Loss ETIOLOGY ------ nerve failure or damage to the cochlea or the auditory nerve. Aging process, loud noise, side affects of some medications like asprin
Sensorineual Hearing Loss PROGNOSIS ------ Sensorineual Hearing Loss that is caused by damage to the cochlea is IRREVERSIBLE.
Cancer of the ear ------ tumors of the ear can occur in any part of the ear and may be benign or malignant. They include cutaneous tumors of the external ear, ceruminal gland neoplasms, acoustic and facial neuromas, and glomus tumors.

Side A ------ Side B
Functioning Organs of Vision ------ eye and ear
Functional Process of the Eye ------ (1)an image is formed on the retina; (2)the rods and cones are stimulated; (3)nerve impulses are conducted to the brain
Eyeball ------ composed of the sclera, the choroid, and the retina, and is connected to the brain by optic nerve
Sclera ------ external production
Cornea ------ light refraction
Choroid ------ middle layer of the tissue
Ciliary Body ------ secretion of vitreous fluid
Iris ------ color portion
Retina ------ back of eye, responsible for night vision
Rods ------ means of distinguishing light from dark, and perceiving shape and movement
Cones ------ color vision
Conjunctiva ------ pink area under eyelid
Anterior Chambers ------ space between the iris
Aqueous Humor ------ the fluid occupying both the anterior and posterior chambers
Vitreous Humar ------ jellylike fluid; it maintains the globular shape of the eyeball and facilitates the refractions of images
Internal lens of the eye ------ is elastic and therefore can focus images whether viewed close or at a distance
Key to sight ------ light ray
Extrinsic muscle ------ each eye has six extrinsic muscles that control the movements of the eye; these muscles pull on the eyeballs, making the two move together to converge on the visual field
Symptoms and signs of eye disorders ------ some eye disorders are signs of systemic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or certain autoimmune arthritic diseases. Common symptoms are: Redness of the eye, pain, itching, or burning in or around the eye, swollen red eyelids, drainage from the eyes, lesions/sores in or around the eyes, visual disturbances, unequal pupils, sudden loss of vision, persistent pain
Opthamologist ------ study every aspect of your eye
Tests to identify eye disorders ------ eye charts, visual field tests, tonometry, eye cultures, dilation, electronystamography (ENG), electroretinography, fluorecein angiography 
Refractive disorders ------ being unable to focus light effectively
Hyperopia (Farsightedness) ------ occurs when light that enters the eye is focused behind the retina rather than on the retina
Myopia (Nearsightedness) ------ the result of light rays entering the eye being focused in front of the retina, causing vision to be blurred
Astigmatism ------ an irregular focusing of the light rays entering the eye
Presbyopia ------ the inability of the internal lens of the eye to focus and then refocus quickly to accommodate variations in distance because of gradual loss of muscle and lens elasticity
Nystagmus ------ involuntary eye movement
Strabismus (cross eyed, lazy eye) ------ a visual defect of misalignment; failure of eyes to look in same direction
Hordeolum (sty) ------ inflammatory infections of the sebaceous glands of the eye lids
Hordeolum (sty) ETIOLOGY ------ often a result of a staphylococcal infection and can be associated with and secondary to blepharitis 
Keratitis ------ inflammation of cornea
Keratitis ETIOLOGY ------ herpes, bacteria/fungi, contact lens wear, dry air, intense light
Blepharitis ------ inflammation of the eyelids involving hair follicles and glands
Blepharitis ETIOLOGY ------ the ulcerative form -staphyloccoal infection. nonulcerative-allergies
Entropian ------ eyelid margin go inward
Ectropian ------ eyelid margin go outward
Blepharoptosis ------ drooping of the upper eyelid
Conjunctivitis ------ inflammation of the conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis ETIOLOGY ------ allergies, chemicals
Cataract ------ when the natural lens of the eye becomes opacified
Cataract SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ deterioration of vision
Cataract ETIOLOGY ------ aging process, congenital, ocular trauma, drug toxicity, systematic disease
Glaucoma ------ damage to the optic nerve
Glaucoma RESULTS ------ blindness
Diabetic Retinopathy ------ disorder of the retinal blood vessels
Diabetic Retinopathy SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ micro aneurysm, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, formation of abnormal new vessels
Diabetic Retinopathy ETIOLOGY ------ usually occurs 8 to 10 years after diagnosis of diabetes
Cancer of the eye ------ may involve the globe, the orbit, the optic nerve, or the eyelids
Functioning organs of hearing ------ the outer, the middle, the inner
Organ of hearing and balance  ------ labyrinth
Outer section Parts ------ external ear (pinna or auricle), external auditory canal
Outer section Function ------ to collect sound waves, or vibrations, from the air or environment and channel them to tympanic membrane (eardrum), which then begins to vibrate
Middle section Parts ------ ear drum, 3 little bones (malleus, incus, stapes)
Middle section Function ------ receives the sound waves from the vibrating ear drum and relays them along the three bones to the oval window
Inner section Parts ------ cochlea and the labyrinth
Inner section Function ------ responsible for maintaining balance
Common signs and symptoms of ear disorders ------ hearing loss, ear pain or pressure, tinnitus, vertigo, nausea and vomiting
Conductive hearing loss ------ caused by an impairment of the eardrum or bones in the middle ear
Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness) ------ results from impairment of the cochlea or auditory nerve
Impacted cerumen ------ atypical accumulation of cerumen in the canal of the outer ear. (ear-wax buildup)
Infective otitis externa ------ inflammation of the external ear canal 
Infective otitis externa HOW DIAGNOSED ------ an otologic examination and a symptoms confirm the diagnosis 
Swimmer's ear ------ inflammation and resulting infection of the outer ear canal after water has been entrapped during swimming
Swimmer's ear SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ severe pain, red swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritis
Otitis media ------ inflammation of the normally air filled ear with the accumulation of the fluid behind the tympanic membrane (eardrum). occurring either unilaterally or bilaterally
Otitis media SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ With serious Otitis media, the only symptoms may be a feeling of fullness or pressure and some degree of impaired hearing. Suppurative Otitis media is painful. General symptoms of infection, fever, chills, nausea and vomiting. Children often rub or pull at the affected ear and lean the head sideways toward the affected side. Dizziness, muffled hearing or loss of hearing.
Otitis media ETIOLOGY ------ can be acute or chronic. with acute, the cause is usually a virus from a URI that has spread through the eustachian tube into the middle ear. Chronic can develop from an acute attack, hypertrophy of the adenoids, or chronic sinus infections. Often follows a bout of influenza or mumps
Otitis media HOW DIAGNOSED ------ Otoscopy
Otitis media TREATMENT ------ Myringotomy (surgical evaluation of the fluid)
Meniere's Disease ------ a chronic disease of the inner ear that affects the labyrinth
Meniere's disease AGE AFFECTED ------ between 40 and 50
Benigh Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo ------ usually a vestibilar system disorder
Benigh Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ a spinning sensation with moving of  head, nausea, vomiting, involuntary eye movement, dizziness
Labrythitis ------ an inflammation or infection of the labyrinth of the inner ear
Labrythitis SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ------ fever, extreme vertigo, nausea & vomiting
Labrythitis ETIOLOGY ------ usually the result of a virus but can be cause by a bacterial infection that has spread from the middle ear. May also be a result from meningitis
Ruptured Tympanic Membrane ------ any type of tear or injury to the eardrum
Ruptured Tympanic Membrane ETIOLOGY ------ insertion of sharp objects into ear canal, explosion, severe middle ear infection, a blow to the ear
Mastoiditis ------ inflammation of the mastoid bone, or mastoid process
Mastoiditis ETIOLOGY ------ Acute mastoiditis is the result of neglected acute otitis media. Chronic mastoiditis is associated with cholesteatoma
Sensorineual Hearing Loss (deafness) ------ sound waves reach the inner ear but are not perceived because the nerve impulses are not transmitted to the brain
Sensorineual Hearing Loss ETIOLOGY ------ nerve failure or damage to the cochlea or the auditory nerve. Aging process, loud noise, side affects of some medications like asprin
Sensorineual Hearing Loss PROGNOSIS ------ Sensorineual Hearing Loss that is caused by damage to the cochlea is IRREVERSIBLE.
Cancer of the ear ------ tumors of the ear can occur in any part of the ear and may be benign or malignant. They include cutaneous tumors of the external ear, ceruminal gland neoplasms, acoustic and facial neuromas, and glomus tumors.