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Explain The Uncertainty Management Theory Flashcards
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Side A ------ Side B CH.4 ------ Managing Uncertainty Uncertainty- when ______ are violated ------ expectations when we receive information that reduces uncertainty, we are more ______ that we understand _____, _____, and ______ ------ confident, ourselves, other people, the world around us uncertainty= the inablility to ------ predict or explain someone's attitudes or behaviors high uncertainty- feeling ____ or ______ about the ability to predict or explain one's attitude and behaviors ------ unsure or insecure low uncertainty- feeling _____ in their ability to predict and explain behaviors ------ confident self uncertainty- people's own feelings about ------ how involved they want to be in a relationship partner uncertainty- feeling uncertain about ------ partner's feelings and intentions, including whether their partner reciprocates their feelings relationship uncertainty- uncertainty about ------ state of the relationship, relationship definitions, future of the relationship, types of behavior that are acceptable uncertainty reduction theory- first comm theory to focus on ______, most commonly applied to understand in relational contexts ------ uncertainty people generally ______ uncertainty, therefore motivated to ______ it ------ dislike, reduce have to get to know people better to ------ reduce uncertainty uncertainty associated with ------ anxiety uncertainty with a partner linked to ------ dissatisfaction predicted outcome value theory- people are ------ not driven by a need to reduce uncertainty in all cases outcome values- relate to people's predictions about how _______ or ______ future interactions with a particular person would be ------ rewarding, unrewarding high outcome value- when people are perceived to be more ________ than other potential partners ------ rewarding low outcome value- when people are perceived to be less _____ than other potential partners ------ rewarding initially reduce uncertainty as a way to find out how we feel about a person, then _____ or _____ ____ _____ becomes the driving force behind whether we try to seek further information ------ positive, negative outcome value outcome value is positive= motivated to ------ reduce uncertainty outcome value is negative= ------ not motivated to redcue uncertainty motivation to reduce uncertainty varies from ------ person to person people with high need for closure= ____and _____ ------ seize and freeze people with uncertainty orientation= engage in more ------ exploration uncertainty oriented individuals tend to ___ ____ in situations of elevated uncertainty= the dating scene ------ fair better certainty oriented- hesitate to ____ _____ but more satisfied in _____ ------ initiate relationships, relationships certainty oriented= more ____ for partners ------ trust uncertainty oriented= adjust their predictions with ____ _____, hinders _____ ------ new information, trust uncertainty management theory- uncertainty is not ___ or ____, but something that is ------ good, bad, managed uncertainty only produced negative emotions when not having information is perceived as ------ harmful we sometimes prefer to keep a level of uncertainty in _____ especially when reducing uncertainty can lead to ____ _____ ------ relationships, negative information cross sex friendships- uncertainty is ____ and ____ (whether romantic potential exists) ------ accepted, preferred relationships that stagnate usually characterized by a lack of ------ uncertainty dialectics theory- people have _______ personal needs ------ opposing dialectics= stability vs _____, connections to others vs _____, certainty vs _______ ------ excitement, independence, uncertainty we want a bit on each end of the dialectic- want both excitement and _____ in relationships ------ predictability theory of motivated information management- people prefer _____ in some situations and _____ in others ------ certainty, uncertainty decision to reduce uncertainty depends on ______ ____ and ____ ___ ------ outcome expectancy, efficiency assessments outcome expectancy- whether the outcome of the information search is expected to be ------ positive or negative efficiency assessments- whether people feel they are able to ___ ____ and ___ ___ ___ ------ gather information, cope with it motivation to aquire relationship- threatening information- knowing partner's relationally threatening thoughts causes _____ and ____ ____ ------ personal and relational stress people who are more inclined to seek relationship threatening information are more likely to have ____ relationships ------ shorter strategies for reducing uncertainty- ____, ____, and ____ ------ passive, active, interactive passive strategies- ______ of individuals ------ observation passive observation more effective when ____ ____ and ------ informal setting, interacting with others active strategies- manipulating ____ ____ and seeing how someone reacts ------ social environment asking ___ ___ about the person in question ------ third parties interactice strategies- direct contact between ____ and ____ ------ information seeker, target includes _____ _____, _____ ____, and _____ the target ------ asking questions, encouraging disclosure, relaxing the target can be through _______ cues- _____ or _______ ------ non verbal, smiling, eye contact secret tests for uncertainty reduction include- ------ asking third party, directness test, triangle test, separation tests, endurance tests, public presentation tests, indirect suggestion test asking third party test= ------ feedback from social network members directness test- ------ taking about the issue with the partner triangle test ------ test the partner's committment, jealousy tests, secret admirer note separation test ------ long physical break or ceasing contact and waiting to see how long it takes for a partner to call endurance test ------ increases cost or reduces reward of relationship- partner becomes argumentative, dresses down public presentation test ------ watching for reaction when introduced as boyfriend/ girlfriend indirect suggestion test ------ hinting or joking to bring up a topic without taking direct responsibility majority of uncertainty reduction strategies are ------ indirect most indirect relationship is ------ friendship with romantic potential direct strategies include ------ integrative communication, arguing/ making accusations, avoidance high levels of intimacy= more likely to use ------ positive and direct behaviors people are most likely to respond positively when ------ relationship was previously satisfying, partner was previously considered to be rewarding, event produced low levels of uncertainty, the event did not represent a highly negative violation of expectancies behaviors that increase uncertainty= ------ competing relationships, unexplained loss of contact or closeness, sexual behavior, deception, change in personality or value, betraying confidence competing relationships- ------ a friend or dating partner wants to spend more time with someone else unexplained loss of contact ------ communication decrease for no reason sexual behavior ------ discovering that a friend/ dating partner enganged in sexual behavior with another person deception ------ discovering friend/ dating partner had lied change in personality or value ------ people realized their friend/ dating partner was different from who they used to be betraying confidences- ------ instances in which people's friends or dating partners disclosed private information about them expectancy violations theory- _______ vs _______ expectancies ------ predictive, prescriptive predictive expectancies- tell people what to _____ in a given situation based on ------ expect, what normally occurs in that context or relationship prescriptive expectancies- tell people what to _______ based on ------ expect, general rules of appropriateness 3 factors affect expectancies ------ communicator characteristics, relational charactersitics, context communicator characteristics- refer to ------ individual differences- age, gender, ethnic background, personality traits relational characteristics- refer to ------ how close we are with someone, what type of relationship we share, what types of shared experiences context- _______ _____ and ___ ______ ------ social situation, cultural influence intergroup uncertainty reduction= make it more likely that ------ uncertainty will be reduced in intercultural interactions people who identify strongly with their own culture group feel ------ more confident about interactions with people from another culture when people perceive members of another culture favorably, they are likely to ------ look forward to interacting with them according to expectancy violation theory, response will be contigent on ___ and ____ ------ positive or negative interpretation of the behavior, the rewardingness of the partner when unexpected behavior is more satisfying than expected behavior ------ positive violation when the unexpected behavior is perceived to be less positive than the expected behavior ------ negative violation nonrewarding communicators are evaluated the most highly if ------ they stay within the norms and avoid violating expectations rewarding communicators= positive expectancy violations produce ------ better outcomes than expectancy confirming common expectancy violations in relationships ------ criticism or accusation, relationship escalation, relationship de-escalation, uncharacteristic relational behavior, uncharacteristic social behavior, transgressions, acts of devotion, acts of disregard, gestures of inclusion many expectancy violantions reduce ------ uncertainty model of relational turbulence- turbulence during transition from ------ casual dating to committment turbulence comes from partners' efforts to renogotiate levels of ------ independence relational uncertainty peaks in ______ of relationships ------ middle turbulence comes from ------ uncertainty in increasing committment and irritations from partners who come in the way of a person's goals model of relational uncertainty- includes ____, ___ and ___ uncertainty ------ self, partner, relational 2 parts of the process- ------ foundations, oucomes foundations- characteristics of ____,____, and _____ ------ individuals, relationships, situations individual characteristics= personality differences with managing ------ uncertainty relational qualities= face-to-face vs ------ long distance outcomes- types of outcomes include ------ cognitive, emotional, and communicative cognitive outcomes- include ------ hightened awareness of partner characteristics and filtered perceptions of partners behavior emotional outcomes- relational uncertainty= ------ negative emotion communicative outcomes- uncertainty= ------ less willingnes to be direct, topic avoidance LONG DISTANCE RELATIONSHIPS ------ LDRS research suggests we are more likely to develop relationships with people we are ------ exposed to more often common long distance problems include- ------ unfounded jealousy, losing touch with your partner by not sharing information and feelings on a regualr basis chances of success are better when ------ both parties are committed to making it work, if the relationship is firmly established before separation, both parties are willing to talk, both try to achieve co-presence as much as possible more satisfaction, less uncertainty, less distress when partners are certain that ------ they will eventually reunite in LDR, making plans both ___ ____ and ___ ____ ------ enables relationships, constrains experiences making plans as denial= ensures future time spent will be ____, not _____ ------ satisfying, wasted (certainty) sexual intimicy is ____/____ ------ pressured, scheduled making plans as balance= planning for conversations that have ------ uncertain outcomes, cause anxiety making plans as segmentation= working on individual goals when separated but planing ____ ___ __ when together ------ focused couple time Case study: Hitch ------ HITCH passive strategies used by Hitch= ------ getting info from bar tender, watching her with another guy Hitch is more successfu than her other suitor because ------ listens, pays attention, exceeds expectations Sara has the power to ____/____, then power shift ------ punish/ reward CULTURE ------ Culture in notes core difficulty in cross-cultural interactions= failure to recognize ------ relevant cross cultural differences confusion created by two aspects of culture: ------ subject culture, objective culture subject culture- _____ features of culture inclduing ------ psychological, values, patterns of thinking, assumptions objective culture- the _____ and ____ of culture such as ------ artifacts, institutions, social customs, political structures, processes, art, literature perception- the process of making sense of your ____ and _____ world, how you convert events into ------ physical, social, understanding reality is built out of certain _____ commonly shared among members of the same culture ------ assumptions cultural assumptions- concepts which pervade a person's _____ and _____, define what is real ------ outlook, behavior American cultural assumptions= ------ freedom, culture, democracy, American dream, materialism beliefs are ____ for the content of past experiences= ------ storage, thoughts, memories, interpretations of events beleifs are commonly accepted as ------ truths beleifs are so much a part of culture that you don't _____ or ____ ____ ------ question, demand proof beliefs form basis of ------ values values are shared cultural ideas about what is ____, ____ and ____ ------ true, right, beautiful culture values are _____ and refer to goodness, desirability, etc ------ normative _____-> ______->______-> _______ ------ belief, values, attitudes, behaviors Intercultural Communication Competence ------ ICC culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about ____, ____, and ____ which affect ______ of a large group of people ------ beliefs, values, norms, beliefs focus is commonality of group behaviors, not necessarily ____/____, can be ------ race/ ethnicity, elderly, athletes, sexual orientations important qualities of ICC- ------ motivation and attitude, tolerance of ambiguity motivation and attitude- desire to ___ ___ ____ and having ___ ___ ways of thinking ------ communicate successfuly with strangers, culture general tolerance of ambiguity- acceptance of high ------ uncertainty/ ambiguity Key factors= ____, _____, and ______ ------ motivation, intercultural knowlege, and skills in implementing Culturally Competent Communication ------ CCC 5 critical communication elements ------ communication repetoire, situational awareness, self awareness, adaptability, knowlege about core cultural issues communication repetoire ------ your skills to produce culturally appropriate communication behavior situational awareness- ------ being able to attend conversational cues, to recognize misunderstandings rooted in assumptions and awkwardness self awareness ------ your own cultural identity and beliefs as well as stereotypes about other people's adaptability- ------ ability to adapt to cultural and personal features during encounter knowledge about core cultural issues- ------ knowledge of stereotypes and norms Pros of CCC ------ improves communication, improves cultural knowledge, help decrease uncertainty in relationships Cons of CCC ------ could lead to over generalization, sometimes difficult to practice, don't know which patterns to spotlight/ ignore CULTURAL PATTERNS ------ KNOW THESE culture influences how we ------ respond to people we meet and have relationships with them Dimensions of cultural difference ------ locus of control, action orientation, attitudes toward time, connections to others, communication styles, power distance, uncertainty avoidance locus of control= ------ control cultures vs constraint cultures control cultures- ------ people control their own destinies, hard work pays off constraint cultures ------ people are at the mercy of fate, acceptance is valued action oriented= ------ doing cultures vs being cultures doing cultures ------ what you do is important, success measured by accomplishments being cultures ------ who you are is important, success measured by quality of life attitudes toward time ------ monochromatic time cultures vs polychromatic time cultures M time cultures ------ time should be scheduled and organized, time is money P time cultures ------ time should unfold at its own pace, many matters can be handled at once, haste makes waste connections to others= ------ individualist vs collectivist cultures individualist cultures ------ individual is more important than group, standing out is valued, squeaky wheel gets grease collectivist culture ------ group more important than individual, fitting in is valued, uneven nail gets hammered down communication styles ------ low context vs high context low context ------ meaning is in words, clarity prevents mistakes, say what you mean high context ------ read between the lines, ambiguity to save face power distance ------ high power distance vs low power distance high power distance ------ power is a part of society, people are unequal, everyone has rightful place, importance of status and rank low power distance ------ minimizing distinction between social classes, people are equal, challenging authority is acceptable and desireable uncertainty avoidance ------ high tolerance for uncertainty vs low tolerance for uncertainty high tolerance ------ unthreatened by change, more likely to tolerate and welcome people who don't fit the norm, comfortable with novelty low tolerance ------ new situations are discomforting, deviant ideas are dangerous, need for defined rules and regulations CH. 5 ------ Initiating and Intensifying Relationships 5 types of communication that help people build relationships with new friends and romantic partners ------ relationship initiation, self disclosure, emotional support, negative assertion, and conflict management skills skill at initiating relationships= ------ feel comfortable introducing themselves, issuing invitations= build more rewarding social networks skill in self disclosure= ------ revealing personal information gradually, gradual increase in depth skill in the provision of emotional support ------ being able to listen empathetically, offer advice that is well received responsiveness- shows _____, ____ and ____, _____ centered communication style ------ care, concern, liking , other centered skills in negative assertion ------ being able to say no to a friend's request, stand up for one's rights in a relationship skill in conflict management ------ better able to listen to partner, understand partner's perspective, refrain from communicating hostile feelings friendship formation strategies- ______ is an important factor in determining whether a relationship is formed ------ proximity need for proximity reduced by ------ online social networking self disclosure- occurs when ------ people reveal something about themselves to others social penetration theory- self disclosure usually ____ ___ as people develop relationships ------ increases gradually depth ------ how deep the communication is breadth ------ how many topics a person feels free to discuss 3 basic layers of self disclosure ------ superficial layer, social layer, core layer frequency ------ how often people self disclose duration ------ how long people self disclose frequent self disclosure can lead to ------ liking and relational development self disclosures of limited frequency and long duration= ------ stranger on the plane example valence ------ positive or negative charge of self disclosure veracity ------ how honest or deceptive self disclosure is risks of self disclosure- we become ------ vulnerable to criticism 4 risks include ------ fear of exposure/ rejection, fear of retaliation/ angry response, fear of loss of control, fear of losing one's individualtiy disclosure-liking hypothesis- when a sender discloses to a receiver, ------ the receiver will like the sender more liking-disclosure hypothesis- people will disclose more to ------ people they like when self disclosure violates normative expectations, it will ------ not lead to liking- too much disclosore too soon or negative disclosure dyadic effect- ------ reciprocal disclosure= when a person reveals information and the partner responds with information that is a similar level of intimacy people who violate norm of reciprocity are viewed as ------ cold, unfriendly, untrustworthy recipricity= more relationship ------ satisfaction social penetration theory- stages are (Altman and Taylor) ------ orientation, exploratory exchange, affective exchange, stable exchange stages in Knapp and Vangelisti's model ------ initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, and bonding initiating stage= ------ orientation stage initiating stage- ____ level of disclosure, ____ valence, ------ superficial, positive experimenting stage= ------ exploratory affective exchange stage experimenting stage- increasing _____ and ____ but low _____ ------ breadth, frequency, depth small talk- communication that is high in ____ but low in _____ ------ breadth, depth partners either trust each other and begin to disclose more _____ or terminate ------ depth intensifying stage= ------ affective exchange stage intesifying stage- _____ self disclosure, long, in depth conversations, affectionate ___ _____, using ___ instead of ____, terms of endearment/ commitment ------ negative, nonverbals, we/ I integrating stage= ------ stabe exchange stage integrating stage- presenting themselves as a _____, complete each other's sentences, opinions may ______ ------ couple, merge stable exchange stage- people disclose openly about ------ everything complete self disclosure may not be possible/ ------ healthy bonding stage- partners declare committment ______, usually though ------ publicly, marriage people do not always move through these stages in ------ orderly manner First dates- in 19th century, courtship involved ____ inviting ____ to their homes ------ women, men 20th century, ____ began to replace _____ ------ dating, calling today, _____ in initiating position ------ man when women initiate dates- more expectation for ___ ____, percieved to be ___ ___ ------ sexual activity, less attractive expectations and goals on first dates= ------ having fun, reducing uncertainty, investigating romantic potential, developing friendship, engaging in sexual activity good date= when people have similar ------ goals cohabitation= optinal stage in courtship sequence, may or may not end in ------ marriage relationship stability- marital relationships more stable than ------ cohabitation selection effect- people who choose to cohabit rather than marry have characteristics that make it less likely for ------ relationship to last couples who cohabit before marriage are more likely to ------ get divorced relational quality- cohabiors who planned to get married were just as satisfied as ------ married couples communication patterns- married couples reported ------ least conflict cohabitors reported mroe ------ violence cohabiting can lead to good communication and high satisfaction when the couple plans to ------ marry turning point= any event or occurance associated with ------ change in the relationship turning point approach- emphasizes events that have ------ the strongest effect on relationships relationships are not linear, follow a ___ path ------ choppy turning point analysis- map that depicts the ___ and ___ of a relationship ------ ups, downs communication based turning points- get to know time= ____ interactions, quantity rather than quality of communication ------ intital quality communication- special times when two people have ___ ____ interaction, _____ and ____ conversation ------ high quality, long and intimate turning point can be activity or ___ ____ ------ special occassion passionate events- include ------ first kiss, "I love you", sex romantic relationship transitions- point in time when relationships transitions from ____ to _____ ------ platonic, romantic exclusivity- when people decide to date only ------ each other, drop other rivals external competition- when a person feels threatened by a ___ ___ or _____ ------ third party, activity that is taking partner's time serious committment- events such as ------ moving in together, getting married change in household configuration, new family members, and interference from a ____ ____ in friendships ------ romantic partner set of turning points deals with proximity and distance= separation and ------ reunion disengagement and conflict- includes a couple's first ___ ____, atempts to withdraw from the relationship, and break up ------ big fight times of crisis- includes ------ illness, death, accidents, major financial problems perceptual changes- include positive and negative psychic change- change in perception without ------ any real reason CH. 6 ------ Communicating closeness level of closeness determined by ____, ____ and ___ ------ physical closeness, emotional closeness, and relational closeness physical closeness- amount of ____ ____ people have ------ physical contact emotional closeness- sense of ____ _____and ____ ------ shared experiences, caring relational closeness- ____ people share ------ interdependence closeness is reflected in 3 types of communication= ------ affectionate communication, immediacy behavior, and social support affectionate communication- behavior that portrays feelings of ______ and ____ _____ ------ fondness, positive regard paradox of affection- showing affection too early/ too much affection can ------ scare potential romantic partners away Direct and verbal affectionate communicaiton includes ------ self disclosure, direct emotional expressions, compliments and praise, assurances self disclosure- communicating _____ about ------ openly, one's feelings direct emotional expression- phrases such as ------ I love you, you make me happy compliments and praise- communictes ____ ____ for someone ------ positive regard asurances- also called ____ _____, direct messages about ____ ______ in a relationship ------ relationship talk, commitment level direct and nonverbal affectionate communication- includes ------ physical contact and distancing, eye behavior, vocalic behavior social meaning model of nonverba communication- some nonverbal behaviors have strong ___ ____ across ____ ____ ------ consentual meanings, different contexts affectionate physcial contact= examples are ------ holding hands, hugging, kissing eye behavior- eye contact can ------ promote affection vocalic behavior- ____ ____ voice perceived to be more affection ------ higher pitched voice indirect and nonverbal affectionate communication include ------ support behaviors, idiomatic behaviors support behaviors- giving someone ___ or ____ _____ ------ emotional, instrumental support used more commonly in ------ male friendships, father son relationships idiomatic behavior- have a ____ ____ only to ------ specific meaning, people in a particular relationship affection exchange theory- based on the idea that affectionate communication is ____ ______ behavior because it helps obtain ------ biologically adaptive, resources people who display affectionate communication more likely to be seen as having skills to be ------ a good parent= potential mate, reproductive capacity people are motivated to show affection to serve two basic needs- ------ viability and fertility viability- relates to motive to ------ survive fertility- relates to motive to ------ procreate benefits of giving and recieving affection include ------ better mental health, less stress, better physical helath more kissing in relationships= ------ less stress, more satisfaction affectionate comm in families- naive theory of affection= adult children see affection as ------ a limited resource for which they compete people show more affection when they share a ____ or _____ bond ------ genetic, sexual immediacy behaviors- actions that ____ ____ and promote ------ signal warmth, promote involvement also called ------ positive involvement behaviors verbal immediacy- includes ------ word choice, forms of address, depth of disclosure, relationships indicators word choice- saying ___ instead of ___ ------ we, I forms of address- ___ address, using _______ ------ casua, nicknames depth of disclosure- close relationsihps are characterized by ___ rather than ____ interactions ------ deep, superficial relationship indicators- calling someone ______/ _____ or ____ _____ ------ girlfriend, boyfriend, bestfriend nonverbal immediacy- indicators include ------ oculesic behaviors, proxemics, haptics, kinesics, vocalics, chromenic behaviors oculesics- high level of eye contact= ______ and _____ ------ attentiveness, involvement proxemics- the way people use _____ signals the level of closeness in a relationship ------ space facing someone ______ is immediate ------ directly haptics- closest relationships= high level of ------ touch _____ and ______ are immediate ------ hugs, kisses kinesics- body movements such as ------ smiling, noding, posture _____ body positions are immediate ------ open body synchrony- intimate couples show high levels of _______ _______ ------ coordinated movement vocalics- _______ ______ is immediate ------ baby talk chronemics- the way people use ------ time spending time with a person sends a message that the person is ________ ------ important cognitive valence theory- helps explain why people respond positively or negatively to increases in _______ ------ immediacy cognitive valencers include= ------ culture, personality, the rewardingness of the partner, the relationship, the situation, temporary states behavior- close relationships begin with one person increasingly ------ immediacy perception- behaviors must be ______ to be effective ------ perceived arousal- immediacy behaviors are stimulating, increase ______ ______ ------ physiological arousal moderate arousal= ______, rapid arousal increases=_______ ------ positive, negative cognition- determinig if the increase in immediacy is appropriate based on the ____ ______ ------ cognitive valencers relational outcomes- negative valencing for any of the cogntive valencers can lead to ------ decreased relational closeness comfort and social support- types include ------ invisible support, person centered messages, nonverbal immediacy, invisible support phenomenon- support attempts that go unnoticed by recipients are ------ the most effective practical support= giving ------ concrete advice emotional support= helping partner ------ feel better responsiveness- the degree to which a message communicates ____, _____ and ____ of one's partner ------ understanding, caring, validation person centered messages- acknowledge and validate the ______ of the other person ------ feelings nonverbal immediacy- has strong effect on ____ ______ ------ comforting quality examples are ------ hugs, close proxemic distance, facial expressions, pats, attentiveness sex differences in expression of closeness- women are more -____ _____ than men ------ nonverbally immediate women's relationships have more _____ _____ and ____ ___ ------ emotional expression, self disclosure expressive friendships- involve ____ ____ nonverbals and verbal comm, showing nonverbal affection ------ emotionally charged agentic friendship- focus on _____ and ___ ____ ------ companionship, shared activities women would rather ____ ___, men would rather ___ _____ ------ just talk, do things preferences for cross-sex frienships= closing the gap between men and women's ____ _____ ------ communication styles LOVE ON THE INTERNET ------ internet relationships romantic relationships developed on the internet form ___ ____ and develop ___ ____ than tradidional relationships ------ more easily, more rapidly cyberspace couples have ______ frequency of comm than face to face couples ------ lower less of a ___ ____ than real space couples ------ linear form
Side A ------ Side B CH.4 ------ Managing Uncertainty Uncertainty- when ______ are violated ------ expectations when we receive information that reduces uncertainty, we are more ______ that we understand _____, _____, and ______ ------ confident, ourselves, other people, the world around us uncertainty= the inablility to ------ predict or explain someone's attitudes or behaviors high uncertainty- feeling ____ or ______ about the ability to predict or explain one's attitude and behaviors ------ unsure or insecure low uncertainty- feeling _____ in their ability to predict and explain behaviors ------ confident self uncertainty- people's own feelings about ------ how involved they want to be in a relationship partner uncertainty- feeling uncertain about ------ partner's feelings and intentions, including whether their partner reciprocates their feelings relationship uncertainty- uncertainty about ------ state of the relationship, relationship definitions, future of the relationship, types of behavior that are acceptable uncertainty reduction theory- first comm theory to focus on ______, most commonly applied to understand in relational contexts ------ uncertainty people generally ______ uncertainty, therefore motivated to ______ it ------ dislike, reduce have to get to know people better to ------ reduce uncertainty uncertainty associated with ------ anxiety uncertainty with a partner linked to ------ dissatisfaction predicted outcome value theory- people are ------ not driven by a need to reduce uncertainty in all cases outcome values- relate to people's predictions about how _______ or ______ future interactions with a particular person would be ------ rewarding, unrewarding high outcome value- when people are perceived to be more ________ than other potential partners ------ rewarding low outcome value- when people are perceived to be less _____ than other potential partners ------ rewarding initially reduce uncertainty as a way to find out how we feel about a person, then _____ or _____ ____ _____ becomes the driving force behind whether we try to seek further information ------ positive, negative outcome value outcome value is positive= motivated to ------ reduce uncertainty outcome value is negative= ------ not motivated to redcue uncertainty motivation to reduce uncertainty varies from ------ person to person people with high need for closure= ____and _____ ------ seize and freeze people with uncertainty orientation= engage in more ------ exploration uncertainty oriented individuals tend to ___ ____ in situations of elevated uncertainty= the dating scene ------ fair better certainty oriented- hesitate to ____ _____ but more satisfied in _____ ------ initiate relationships, relationships certainty oriented= more ____ for partners ------ trust uncertainty oriented= adjust their predictions with ____ _____, hinders _____ ------ new information, trust uncertainty management theory- uncertainty is not ___ or ____, but something that is ------ good, bad, managed uncertainty only produced negative emotions when not having information is perceived as ------ harmful we sometimes prefer to keep a level of uncertainty in _____ especially when reducing uncertainty can lead to ____ _____ ------ relationships, negative information cross sex friendships- uncertainty is ____ and ____ (whether romantic potential exists) ------ accepted, preferred relationships that stagnate usually characterized by a lack of ------ uncertainty dialectics theory- people have _______ personal needs ------ opposing dialectics= stability vs _____, connections to others vs _____, certainty vs _______ ------ excitement, independence, uncertainty we want a bit on each end of the dialectic- want both excitement and _____ in relationships ------ predictability theory of motivated information management- people prefer _____ in some situations and _____ in others ------ certainty, uncertainty decision to reduce uncertainty depends on ______ ____ and ____ ___ ------ outcome expectancy, efficiency assessments outcome expectancy- whether the outcome of the information search is expected to be ------ positive or negative efficiency assessments- whether people feel they are able to ___ ____ and ___ ___ ___ ------ gather information, cope with it motivation to aquire relationship- threatening information- knowing partner's relationally threatening thoughts causes _____ and ____ ____ ------ personal and relational stress people who are more inclined to seek relationship threatening information are more likely to have ____ relationships ------ shorter strategies for reducing uncertainty- ____, ____, and ____ ------ passive, active, interactive passive strategies- ______ of individuals ------ observation passive observation more effective when ____ ____ and ------ informal setting, interacting with others active strategies- manipulating ____ ____ and seeing how someone reacts ------ social environment asking ___ ___ about the person in question ------ third parties interactice strategies- direct contact between ____ and ____ ------ information seeker, target includes _____ _____, _____ ____, and _____ the target ------ asking questions, encouraging disclosure, relaxing the target can be through _______ cues- _____ or _______ ------ non verbal, smiling, eye contact secret tests for uncertainty reduction include- ------ asking third party, directness test, triangle test, separation tests, endurance tests, public presentation tests, indirect suggestion test asking third party test= ------ feedback from social network members directness test- ------ taking about the issue with the partner triangle test ------ test the partner's committment, jealousy tests, secret admirer note separation test ------ long physical break or ceasing contact and waiting to see how long it takes for a partner to call endurance test ------ increases cost or reduces reward of relationship- partner becomes argumentative, dresses down public presentation test ------ watching for reaction when introduced as boyfriend/ girlfriend indirect suggestion test ------ hinting or joking to bring up a topic without taking direct responsibility majority of uncertainty reduction strategies are ------ indirect most indirect relationship is ------ friendship with romantic potential direct strategies include ------ integrative communication, arguing/ making accusations, avoidance high levels of intimacy= more likely to use ------ positive and direct behaviors people are most likely to respond positively when ------ relationship was previously satisfying, partner was previously considered to be rewarding, event produced low levels of uncertainty, the event did not represent a highly negative violation of expectancies behaviors that increase uncertainty= ------ competing relationships, unexplained loss of contact or closeness, sexual behavior, deception, change in personality or value, betraying confidence competing relationships- ------ a friend or dating partner wants to spend more time with someone else unexplained loss of contact ------ communication decrease for no reason sexual behavior ------ discovering that a friend/ dating partner enganged in sexual behavior with another person deception ------ discovering friend/ dating partner had lied change in personality or value ------ people realized their friend/ dating partner was different from who they used to be betraying confidences- ------ instances in which people's friends or dating partners disclosed private information about them expectancy violations theory- _______ vs _______ expectancies ------ predictive, prescriptive predictive expectancies- tell people what to _____ in a given situation based on ------ expect, what normally occurs in that context or relationship prescriptive expectancies- tell people what to _______ based on ------ expect, general rules of appropriateness 3 factors affect expectancies ------ communicator characteristics, relational charactersitics, context communicator characteristics- refer to ------ individual differences- age, gender, ethnic background, personality traits relational characteristics- refer to ------ how close we are with someone, what type of relationship we share, what types of shared experiences context- _______ _____ and ___ ______ ------ social situation, cultural influence intergroup uncertainty reduction= make it more likely that ------ uncertainty will be reduced in intercultural interactions people who identify strongly with their own culture group feel ------ more confident about interactions with people from another culture when people perceive members of another culture favorably, they are likely to ------ look forward to interacting with them according to expectancy violation theory, response will be contigent on ___ and ____ ------ positive or negative interpretation of the behavior, the rewardingness of the partner when unexpected behavior is more satisfying than expected behavior ------ positive violation when the unexpected behavior is perceived to be less positive than the expected behavior ------ negative violation nonrewarding communicators are evaluated the most highly if ------ they stay within the norms and avoid violating expectations rewarding communicators= positive expectancy violations produce ------ better outcomes than expectancy confirming common expectancy violations in relationships ------ criticism or accusation, relationship escalation, relationship de-escalation, uncharacteristic relational behavior, uncharacteristic social behavior, transgressions, acts of devotion, acts of disregard, gestures of inclusion many expectancy violantions reduce ------ uncertainty model of relational turbulence- turbulence during transition from ------ casual dating to committment turbulence comes from partners' efforts to renogotiate levels of ------ independence relational uncertainty peaks in ______ of relationships ------ middle turbulence comes from ------ uncertainty in increasing committment and irritations from partners who come in the way of a person's goals model of relational uncertainty- includes ____, ___ and ___ uncertainty ------ self, partner, relational 2 parts of the process- ------ foundations, oucomes foundations- characteristics of ____,____, and _____ ------ individuals, relationships, situations individual characteristics= personality differences with managing ------ uncertainty relational qualities= face-to-face vs ------ long distance outcomes- types of outcomes include ------ cognitive, emotional, and communicative cognitive outcomes- include ------ hightened awareness of partner characteristics and filtered perceptions of partners behavior emotional outcomes- relational uncertainty= ------ negative emotion communicative outcomes- uncertainty= ------ less willingnes to be direct, topic avoidance LONG DISTANCE RELATIONSHIPS ------ LDRS research suggests we are more likely to develop relationships with people we are ------ exposed to more often common long distance problems include- ------ unfounded jealousy, losing touch with your partner by not sharing information and feelings on a regualr basis chances of success are better when ------ both parties are committed to making it work, if the relationship is firmly established before separation, both parties are willing to talk, both try to achieve co-presence as much as possible more satisfaction, less uncertainty, less distress when partners are certain that ------ they will eventually reunite in LDR, making plans both ___ ____ and ___ ____ ------ enables relationships, constrains experiences making plans as denial= ensures future time spent will be ____, not _____ ------ satisfying, wasted (certainty) sexual intimicy is ____/____ ------ pressured, scheduled making plans as balance= planning for conversations that have ------ uncertain outcomes, cause anxiety making plans as segmentation= working on individual goals when separated but planing ____ ___ __ when together ------ focused couple time Case study: Hitch ------ HITCH passive strategies used by Hitch= ------ getting info from bar tender, watching her with another guy Hitch is more successfu than her other suitor because ------ listens, pays attention, exceeds expectations Sara has the power to ____/____, then power shift ------ punish/ reward CULTURE ------ Culture in notes core difficulty in cross-cultural interactions= failure to recognize ------ relevant cross cultural differences confusion created by two aspects of culture: ------ subject culture, objective culture subject culture- _____ features of culture inclduing ------ psychological, values, patterns of thinking, assumptions objective culture- the _____ and ____ of culture such as ------ artifacts, institutions, social customs, political structures, processes, art, literature perception- the process of making sense of your ____ and _____ world, how you convert events into ------ physical, social, understanding reality is built out of certain _____ commonly shared among members of the same culture ------ assumptions cultural assumptions- concepts which pervade a person's _____ and _____, define what is real ------ outlook, behavior American cultural assumptions= ------ freedom, culture, democracy, American dream, materialism beliefs are ____ for the content of past experiences= ------ storage, thoughts, memories, interpretations of events beleifs are commonly accepted as ------ truths beleifs are so much a part of culture that you don't _____ or ____ ____ ------ question, demand proof beliefs form basis of ------ values values are shared cultural ideas about what is ____, ____ and ____ ------ true, right, beautiful culture values are _____ and refer to goodness, desirability, etc ------ normative _____-> ______->______-> _______ ------ belief, values, attitudes, behaviors Intercultural Communication Competence ------ ICC culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about ____, ____, and ____ which affect ______ of a large group of people ------ beliefs, values, norms, beliefs focus is commonality of group behaviors, not necessarily ____/____, can be ------ race/ ethnicity, elderly, athletes, sexual orientations important qualities of ICC- ------ motivation and attitude, tolerance of ambiguity motivation and attitude- desire to ___ ___ ____ and having ___ ___ ways of thinking ------ communicate successfuly with strangers, culture general tolerance of ambiguity- acceptance of high ------ uncertainty/ ambiguity Key factors= ____, _____, and ______ ------ motivation, intercultural knowlege, and skills in implementing Culturally Competent Communication ------ CCC 5 critical communication elements ------ communication repetoire, situational awareness, self awareness, adaptability, knowlege about core cultural issues communication repetoire ------ your skills to produce culturally appropriate communication behavior situational awareness- ------ being able to attend conversational cues, to recognize misunderstandings rooted in assumptions and awkwardness self awareness ------ your own cultural identity and beliefs as well as stereotypes about other people's adaptability- ------ ability to adapt to cultural and personal features during encounter knowledge about core cultural issues- ------ knowledge of stereotypes and norms Pros of CCC ------ improves communication, improves cultural knowledge, help decrease uncertainty in relationships Cons of CCC ------ could lead to over generalization, sometimes difficult to practice, don't know which patterns to spotlight/ ignore CULTURAL PATTERNS ------ KNOW THESE culture influences how we ------ respond to people we meet and have relationships with them Dimensions of cultural difference ------ locus of control, action orientation, attitudes toward time, connections to others, communication styles, power distance, uncertainty avoidance locus of control= ------ control cultures vs constraint cultures control cultures- ------ people control their own destinies, hard work pays off constraint cultures ------ people are at the mercy of fate, acceptance is valued action oriented= ------ doing cultures vs being cultures doing cultures ------ what you do is important, success measured by accomplishments being cultures ------ who you are is important, success measured by quality of life attitudes toward time ------ monochromatic time cultures vs polychromatic time cultures M time cultures ------ time should be scheduled and organized, time is money P time cultures ------ time should unfold at its own pace, many matters can be handled at once, haste makes waste connections to others= ------ individualist vs collectivist cultures individualist cultures ------ individual is more important than group, standing out is valued, squeaky wheel gets grease collectivist culture ------ group more important than individual, fitting in is valued, uneven nail gets hammered down communication styles ------ low context vs high context low context ------ meaning is in words, clarity prevents mistakes, say what you mean high context ------ read between the lines, ambiguity to save face power distance ------ high power distance vs low power distance high power distance ------ power is a part of society, people are unequal, everyone has rightful place, importance of status and rank low power distance ------ minimizing distinction between social classes, people are equal, challenging authority is acceptable and desireable uncertainty avoidance ------ high tolerance for uncertainty vs low tolerance for uncertainty high tolerance ------ unthreatened by change, more likely to tolerate and welcome people who don't fit the norm, comfortable with novelty low tolerance ------ new situations are discomforting, deviant ideas are dangerous, need for defined rules and regulations CH. 5 ------ Initiating and Intensifying Relationships 5 types of communication that help people build relationships with new friends and romantic partners ------ relationship initiation, self disclosure, emotional support, negative assertion, and conflict management skills skill at initiating relationships= ------ feel comfortable introducing themselves, issuing invitations= build more rewarding social networks skill in self disclosure= ------ revealing personal information gradually, gradual increase in depth skill in the provision of emotional support ------ being able to listen empathetically, offer advice that is well received responsiveness- shows _____, ____ and ____, _____ centered communication style ------ care, concern, liking , other centered skills in negative assertion ------ being able to say no to a friend's request, stand up for one's rights in a relationship skill in conflict management ------ better able to listen to partner, understand partner's perspective, refrain from communicating hostile feelings friendship formation strategies- ______ is an important factor in determining whether a relationship is formed ------ proximity need for proximity reduced by ------ online social networking self disclosure- occurs when ------ people reveal something about themselves to others social penetration theory- self disclosure usually ____ ___ as people develop relationships ------ increases gradually depth ------ how deep the communication is breadth ------ how many topics a person feels free to discuss 3 basic layers of self disclosure ------ superficial layer, social layer, core layer frequency ------ how often people self disclose duration ------ how long people self disclose frequent self disclosure can lead to ------ liking and relational development self disclosures of limited frequency and long duration= ------ stranger on the plane example valence ------ positive or negative charge of self disclosure veracity ------ how honest or deceptive self disclosure is risks of self disclosure- we become ------ vulnerable to criticism 4 risks include ------ fear of exposure/ rejection, fear of retaliation/ angry response, fear of loss of control, fear of losing one's individualtiy disclosure-liking hypothesis- when a sender discloses to a receiver, ------ the receiver will like the sender more liking-disclosure hypothesis- people will disclose more to ------ people they like when self disclosure violates normative expectations, it will ------ not lead to liking- too much disclosore too soon or negative disclosure dyadic effect- ------ reciprocal disclosure= when a person reveals information and the partner responds with information that is a similar level of intimacy people who violate norm of reciprocity are viewed as ------ cold, unfriendly, untrustworthy recipricity= more relationship ------ satisfaction social penetration theory- stages are (Altman and Taylor) ------ orientation, exploratory exchange, affective exchange, stable exchange stages in Knapp and Vangelisti's model ------ initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, and bonding initiating stage= ------ orientation stage initiating stage- ____ level of disclosure, ____ valence, ------ superficial, positive experimenting stage= ------ exploratory affective exchange stage experimenting stage- increasing _____ and ____ but low _____ ------ breadth, frequency, depth small talk- communication that is high in ____ but low in _____ ------ breadth, depth partners either trust each other and begin to disclose more _____ or terminate ------ depth intensifying stage= ------ affective exchange stage intesifying stage- _____ self disclosure, long, in depth conversations, affectionate ___ _____, using ___ instead of ____, terms of endearment/ commitment ------ negative, nonverbals, we/ I integrating stage= ------ stabe exchange stage integrating stage- presenting themselves as a _____, complete each other's sentences, opinions may ______ ------ couple, merge stable exchange stage- people disclose openly about ------ everything complete self disclosure may not be possible/ ------ healthy bonding stage- partners declare committment ______, usually though ------ publicly, marriage people do not always move through these stages in ------ orderly manner First dates- in 19th century, courtship involved ____ inviting ____ to their homes ------ women, men 20th century, ____ began to replace _____ ------ dating, calling today, _____ in initiating position ------ man when women initiate dates- more expectation for ___ ____, percieved to be ___ ___ ------ sexual activity, less attractive expectations and goals on first dates= ------ having fun, reducing uncertainty, investigating romantic potential, developing friendship, engaging in sexual activity good date= when people have similar ------ goals cohabitation= optinal stage in courtship sequence, may or may not end in ------ marriage relationship stability- marital relationships more stable than ------ cohabitation selection effect- people who choose to cohabit rather than marry have characteristics that make it less likely for ------ relationship to last couples who cohabit before marriage are more likely to ------ get divorced relational quality- cohabiors who planned to get married were just as satisfied as ------ married couples communication patterns- married couples reported ------ least conflict cohabitors reported mroe ------ violence cohabiting can lead to good communication and high satisfaction when the couple plans to ------ marry turning point= any event or occurance associated with ------ change in the relationship turning point approach- emphasizes events that have ------ the strongest effect on relationships relationships are not linear, follow a ___ path ------ choppy turning point analysis- map that depicts the ___ and ___ of a relationship ------ ups, downs communication based turning points- get to know time= ____ interactions, quantity rather than quality of communication ------ intital quality communication- special times when two people have ___ ____ interaction, _____ and ____ conversation ------ high quality, long and intimate turning point can be activity or ___ ____ ------ special occassion passionate events- include ------ first kiss, "I love you", sex romantic relationship transitions- point in time when relationships transitions from ____ to _____ ------ platonic, romantic exclusivity- when people decide to date only ------ each other, drop other rivals external competition- when a person feels threatened by a ___ ___ or _____ ------ third party, activity that is taking partner's time serious committment- events such as ------ moving in together, getting married change in household configuration, new family members, and interference from a ____ ____ in friendships ------ romantic partner set of turning points deals with proximity and distance= separation and ------ reunion disengagement and conflict- includes a couple's first ___ ____, atempts to withdraw from the relationship, and break up ------ big fight times of crisis- includes ------ illness, death, accidents, major financial problems perceptual changes- include positive and negative psychic change- change in perception without ------ any real reason CH. 6 ------ Communicating closeness level of closeness determined by ____, ____ and ___ ------ physical closeness, emotional closeness, and relational closeness physical closeness- amount of ____ ____ people have ------ physical contact emotional closeness- sense of ____ _____and ____ ------ shared experiences, caring relational closeness- ____ people share ------ interdependence closeness is reflected in 3 types of communication= ------ affectionate communication, immediacy behavior, and social support affectionate communication- behavior that portrays feelings of ______ and ____ _____ ------ fondness, positive regard paradox of affection- showing affection too early/ too much affection can ------ scare potential romantic partners away Direct and verbal affectionate communicaiton includes ------ self disclosure, direct emotional expressions, compliments and praise, assurances self disclosure- communicating _____ about ------ openly, one's feelings direct emotional expression- phrases such as ------ I love you, you make me happy compliments and praise- communictes ____ ____ for someone ------ positive regard asurances- also called ____ _____, direct messages about ____ ______ in a relationship ------ relationship talk, commitment level direct and nonverbal affectionate communication- includes ------ physical contact and distancing, eye behavior, vocalic behavior social meaning model of nonverba communication- some nonverbal behaviors have strong ___ ____ across ____ ____ ------ consentual meanings, different contexts affectionate physcial contact= examples are ------ holding hands, hugging, kissing eye behavior- eye contact can ------ promote affection vocalic behavior- ____ ____ voice perceived to be more affection ------ higher pitched voice indirect and nonverbal affectionate communication include ------ support behaviors, idiomatic behaviors support behaviors- giving someone ___ or ____ _____ ------ emotional, instrumental support used more commonly in ------ male friendships, father son relationships idiomatic behavior- have a ____ ____ only to ------ specific meaning, people in a particular relationship affection exchange theory- based on the idea that affectionate communication is ____ ______ behavior because it helps obtain ------ biologically adaptive, resources people who display affectionate communication more likely to be seen as having skills to be ------ a good parent= potential mate, reproductive capacity people are motivated to show affection to serve two basic needs- ------ viability and fertility viability- relates to motive to ------ survive fertility- relates to motive to ------ procreate benefits of giving and recieving affection include ------ better mental health, less stress, better physical helath more kissing in relationships= ------ less stress, more satisfaction affectionate comm in families- naive theory of affection= adult children see affection as ------ a limited resource for which they compete people show more affection when they share a ____ or _____ bond ------ genetic, sexual immediacy behaviors- actions that ____ ____ and promote ------ signal warmth, promote involvement also called ------ positive involvement behaviors verbal immediacy- includes ------ word choice, forms of address, depth of disclosure, relationships indicators word choice- saying ___ instead of ___ ------ we, I forms of address- ___ address, using _______ ------ casua, nicknames depth of disclosure- close relationsihps are characterized by ___ rather than ____ interactions ------ deep, superficial relationship indicators- calling someone ______/ _____ or ____ _____ ------ girlfriend, boyfriend, bestfriend nonverbal immediacy- indicators include ------ oculesic behaviors, proxemics, haptics, kinesics, vocalics, chromenic behaviors oculesics- high level of eye contact= ______ and _____ ------ attentiveness, involvement proxemics- the way people use _____ signals the level of closeness in a relationship ------ space facing someone ______ is immediate ------ directly haptics- closest relationships= high level of ------ touch _____ and ______ are immediate ------ hugs, kisses kinesics- body movements such as ------ smiling, noding, posture _____ body positions are immediate ------ open body synchrony- intimate couples show high levels of _______ _______ ------ coordinated movement vocalics- _______ ______ is immediate ------ baby talk chronemics- the way people use ------ time spending time with a person sends a message that the person is ________ ------ important cognitive valence theory- helps explain why people respond positively or negatively to increases in _______ ------ immediacy cognitive valencers include= ------ culture, personality, the rewardingness of the partner, the relationship, the situation, temporary states behavior- close relationships begin with one person increasingly ------ immediacy perception- behaviors must be ______ to be effective ------ perceived arousal- immediacy behaviors are stimulating, increase ______ ______ ------ physiological arousal moderate arousal= ______, rapid arousal increases=_______ ------ positive, negative cognition- determinig if the increase in immediacy is appropriate based on the ____ ______ ------ cognitive valencers relational outcomes- negative valencing for any of the cogntive valencers can lead to ------ decreased relational closeness comfort and social support- types include ------ invisible support, person centered messages, nonverbal immediacy, invisible support phenomenon- support attempts that go unnoticed by recipients are ------ the most effective practical support= giving ------ concrete advice emotional support= helping partner ------ feel better responsiveness- the degree to which a message communicates ____, _____ and ____ of one's partner ------ understanding, caring, validation person centered messages- acknowledge and validate the ______ of the other person ------ feelings nonverbal immediacy- has strong effect on ____ ______ ------ comforting quality examples are ------ hugs, close proxemic distance, facial expressions, pats, attentiveness sex differences in expression of closeness- women are more -____ _____ than men ------ nonverbally immediate women's relationships have more _____ _____ and ____ ___ ------ emotional expression, self disclosure expressive friendships- involve ____ ____ nonverbals and verbal comm, showing nonverbal affection ------ emotionally charged agentic friendship- focus on _____ and ___ ____ ------ companionship, shared activities women would rather ____ ___, men would rather ___ _____ ------ just talk, do things preferences for cross-sex frienships= closing the gap between men and women's ____ _____ ------ communication styles LOVE ON THE INTERNET ------ internet relationships romantic relationships developed on the internet form ___ ____ and develop ___ ____ than tradidional relationships ------ more easily, more rapidly cyberspace couples have ______ frequency of comm than face to face couples ------ lower less of a ___ ____ than real space couples ------ linear form
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