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Side A ------ Side B
learning ------ any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
conditioning ------ involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment
classical conditioning ------ a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Pavlovian conditioning)
unconditioned stimulus (US) ------ a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
unconditioned response (UR) ------ an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
conditioned stimulus (CS) ------ a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
conditioned response (CR) ------ a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
elicited ------ drawn forth (in regards to conditioned responses in classical conditioning)
trial ------ any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli in classical conditioning
acquisition ------ refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency
extinction ------ the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
spontaneous recovery ------ the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
renewal effect ------ if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where the acquisition took place
stimulus generalization ------ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
stimulus discrimination ------ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
higher-order conditioning ------ a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
operant conditioning ------ a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
reinforcement ------ occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
Skinner box ------ a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled
emit ------ to send forth (in regards to responses in operant conditioning)
reinforcement contingencies ------ the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
cumulative recorder ------ creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time
shaping ------ the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
resistance to extinction ------ occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
discriminative stimuli ------ cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response
primary reinforcers ------ events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
secondary, or conditioned, reinforcers ------ events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
schedule of reinforcement ------ a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over timeevents that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
continuous reinforcement ------ occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced (soda machine.) It is both learned and unlearned very quickly
intermittent reinforcement ------ occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
fixed-ratio (FR) schedule ------ the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. A factory worker is paid for X products he assembles
variable-ratio (VR) schedule ------ the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. Slot machine--behavior is rewarded at an unpatterned time and keeps the organism going. Can perpetuate superstitious behavior
fixed-interval (FI) schedule ------ the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed. Waiting for mail--after a cerain period of time, your waiting is rewarded by mail
variable-interval (VI) schedule ------ the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average. The time frame is not set. In surfing, this is the equivalent to waiting for the next good wave
positive reinforcement ------ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
negative reinforcement ------ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. This perpetuates superstitions and obsessive-compulsive behavior
escape learning ------ an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
avoidance learning ------ an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
punishment ------ occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response. Decreases all behavior
latent learning ------ learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
observational learning ------ occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
behavior modification ------ a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
behavioral contract ------ a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program
evaluative conditioning ------ consists of efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a US to a new CS
positive punishment ------ inflicting something bad to emphasize the good (spanking.) Decreases all behavior
negative punishment ------ removal of something good. Decreases all behavior
one trial learning ------ taste aversion (Garcia effect)
vicarious learning ------ learning through observation of others' behavior (TV)

Side A ------ Side B
learning ------ any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
conditioning ------ involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment
classical conditioning ------ a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Pavlovian conditioning)
unconditioned stimulus (US) ------ a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
unconditioned response (UR) ------ an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
conditioned stimulus (CS) ------ a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
conditioned response (CR) ------ a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
elicited ------ drawn forth (in regards to conditioned responses in classical conditioning)
trial ------ any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli in classical conditioning
acquisition ------ refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency
extinction ------ the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
spontaneous recovery ------ the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
renewal effect ------ if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where the acquisition took place
stimulus generalization ------ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
stimulus discrimination ------ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
higher-order conditioning ------ a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
operant conditioning ------ a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
reinforcement ------ occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
Skinner box ------ a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled
emit ------ to send forth (in regards to responses in operant conditioning)
reinforcement contingencies ------ the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
cumulative recorder ------ creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time
shaping ------ the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
resistance to extinction ------ occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
discriminative stimuli ------ cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response
primary reinforcers ------ events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
secondary, or conditioned, reinforcers ------ events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
schedule of reinforcement ------ a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over timeevents that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
continuous reinforcement ------ occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced (soda machine.) It is both learned and unlearned very quickly
intermittent reinforcement ------ occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
fixed-ratio (FR) schedule ------ the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. A factory worker is paid for X products he assembles
variable-ratio (VR) schedule ------ the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. Slot machine--behavior is rewarded at an unpatterned time and keeps the organism going. Can perpetuate superstitious behavior
fixed-interval (FI) schedule ------ the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed. Waiting for mail--after a cerain period of time, your waiting is rewarded by mail
variable-interval (VI) schedule ------ the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average. The time frame is not set. In surfing, this is the equivalent to waiting for the next good wave
positive reinforcement ------ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
negative reinforcement ------ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. This perpetuates superstitions and obsessive-compulsive behavior
escape learning ------ an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
avoidance learning ------ an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
punishment ------ occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response. Decreases all behavior
latent learning ------ learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
observational learning ------ occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
behavior modification ------ a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
behavioral contract ------ a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program
evaluative conditioning ------ consists of efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a US to a new CS
positive punishment ------ inflicting something bad to emphasize the good (spanking.) Decreases all behavior
negative punishment ------ removal of something good. Decreases all behavior
one trial learning ------ taste aversion (Garcia effect)
vicarious learning ------ learning through observation of others' behavior (TV)