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Side A ------ Side B


A group of individuals of the same species
living within a specified area is a  ------ population


the number of individuals per unit of area or
volume in the habitat is ------ population density




Forced by
     the occurrence of resources, ______ is the most common dispersion
     pattern in nature.

 ------ clumped




Humans in
     North America show a ______ distribution pattern.

 ------ clumped


the maximum rate of increase in numbers by a
population is ------ 

Biotic potential


the factors determining population size ------ 



Births, deaths, immigration, and emigration 




When
     births and deaths are equal, there is 

 ------ ZPG or ‘zero population growth.’


The ‘intrinsic rate of increase (r) is  ------ 

the difference between the birth rate and death
rate


When limiting factors are absent, population growth
is  ------ 



exponential
     (a ‘J-shaped curve’).




Ideally, populations are limited in size by the
habitat  ------ 

‘carrying capacity (K).’


Carrying capacity (K) is determined by  ------ 



resource
     availability and organismal tolerance of habitat conditions.




If population changes are not related to its
size, the causative factors are called  ------ 



‘density-independent.’






For
     example, a flood that eliminates a population of rabbits would be a _____-_____ event.

 ------      ‘density-independent’




On the
     other hand, food supply would be regarded as a ____-____ control
     on a population.

 ------ ‘density-dependent’




A
     weather-related event, such as a drought, would be called a ____-____ control.

 ------      ‘density-independent’




At high
     population densities, ____, _____, _____, and _____ all
     would increase.

 ------  parasitism, disease, predation, competition




A group
     born into a population at the same time is called a 

 ------ ‘cohort.’


A type III survivorship curve (high juvenile
mortality; a reverse J-shape) is shown by  ------ 



most
     marine invertebrates. 






Type III
     is shown also by

 ------  insects, fish, amphibians, and reptiles, all creatures
     with large litter size.




The
     proximate and primary cause of human deaths worldwide is 

 ------ malnutrition.




Population
     ‘explosion’ can be caused by 

 ------ increasing K, new habitats, removing limiting
     factors, or better medicines.




The first
     human populations occurred in the 

 ------ grasslands or savannah habitats.




Later,
     humans adopted grasses as the basis for 

 ------ agriculture and the construction
     of human civilizations.




The
     largest decrease in human population size was caused by

 ------  a disease, the
     bubonic plague.




If human
     population growth actually fell to ZPG level, it would take ___ years for
     population growth to stop.

 ------ 60




The most
     reasonable and reliable way to limit population growth is 

 ------ the decrease the
     birth rate.




A rapidly
     growing population shows an ‘age structure diagram’ that is 

 ------ a pyramid with
     a very broad base.


Developing (less industrialized) countries tend
to be _______ from ZPG. ------ farther




Cycling
     of nutrients and flow of energy between community and the environment
     describes an 

 ------ ‘ecosystem.’




Primary producers are _____, primary consumers are ___ __ ___, and a primary carnivore might be a ____.

 ------ plants, herbivores like cows, wolf




A combination of only ____ and ____ could be a
     sustainable ecosystem.

 ------ producers, decomposers




Without decomposers, ____ and ____, most nutrients
     would stop cycling and wastes would accumulate.

 ------ bacteria, fungi




The word ‘trophic’ means literally 

 ------ “to feed.”




Primary producers depend only on 

 ------ the available energy from
     outside sources, not other trophic levels.




For a terrestrial ecosystem, the ultimate source of energy
     input is

 ------  the sun.




Most of the energy within an ecosystem is ultimately lost
     a 

 ------ heat from metabolism.




Detritivores consume ______ or ___ ___ ___ and, thus, must be animals.

 ------ particulate or bulk dead organic
     material 




Decomposers, bacteria and fungi, are the most ____ organisms, use ____, and occur at ___ trophic levels.

 ------ numerous,wastes, all 




Accumulation of toxic materials as nutrients move through
     a food chain is 

 ------ ‘biological magnification.’


‘Net primary productivity’ =  ------ energy stored in
plant tissue – energy used in cell respiration.




Primary producers occur at the bottom or base of a 

 ------ ‘pyramid of energy.’




Energy does not cycle through a(n) 

 ------ ecosystem.




Most of the water vapor in the atmosphere on earth comes
     from 

 ------ evaporation from the oceans.


Carbon is stored in  ------ living biomass, fossil
fuels, rocks, or shells of animals.




Carbon can occur as 

 ------ dissolved carbonates or bicarbonates,
     carbon dioxide, or plant cellulose.




Carbon can be put into the atmosphere by 

 ------ respiration,
     volcanoes, burning coal, or diffusion from the ocean.




In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is currently increasing
     and acts as a 

 ------ ‘greenhouse gas.’




Carbon enters animals in the form of 

 ------ carbohydrates.




The main source of increasing greenhouse gases in the
     atmosphere is

 ------  the burning of fossil fuels.




The greatest concentration and source of nitrogen on earth
     is the

 ------  atmosphere.




Crop rotation involving _____ can be used to replace or
     maintain soil nitrogen.

 ------ legumes




Plants utilize nitrogen in the forms of

 ------ ammonia and
     nitrates.




Sharp increases in nutrient, especially ____ and ____,
     concentrations can lead to ‘eutrophication’ in a body of water.

 ------ Nitrogen and Phosphorus




Heterotrophic organisms include all those except 

 ------ primary
     producers.




All of the major macronutrients except _____ have an
     atmospheric phase in their biogeochemical cycling.

 ------ Phosphorus

Side A ------ Side B

A group of individuals of the same species
living within a specified area is a  ------ population

the number of individuals per unit of area or
volume in the habitat is ------ population density

Forced by
     the occurrence of resources, ______ is the most common dispersion
     pattern in nature.

------ clumped

Humans in
     North America show a ______ distribution pattern.

------ clumped

the maximum rate of increase in numbers by a
population is ------

Biotic potential

the factors determining population size ------

Births, deaths, immigration, and emigration

When
     births and deaths are equal, there is

------ ZPG or ‘zero population growth.’

The ‘intrinsic rate of increase (r) is  ------

the difference between the birth rate and death
rate

When limiting factors are absent, population growth
is  ------

exponential
     (a ‘J-shaped curve’).

Ideally, populations are limited in size by the
habitat  ------

‘carrying capacity (K).’

Carrying capacity (K) is determined by  ------

resource
     availability and organismal tolerance of habitat conditions.

If population changes are not related to its
size, the causative factors are called  ------

‘density-independent.’

For
     example, a flood that eliminates a population of rabbits would be a _____-_____ event.

------      ‘density-independent’

On the
     other hand, food supply would be regarded as a ____-____ control
     on a population.

------ ‘density-dependent’

A
     weather-related event, such as a drought, would be called a ____-____ control.

------      ‘density-independent’

At high
     population densities, ____, _____, _____, and _____ all
     would increase.

------  parasitism, disease, predation, competition

A group
     born into a population at the same time is called a

------ ‘cohort.’

A type III survivorship curve (high juvenile
mortality; a reverse J-shape) is shown by  ------

most
     marine invertebrates.

Type III
     is shown also by

------  insects, fish, amphibians, and reptiles, all creatures
     with large litter size.

The
     proximate and primary cause of human deaths worldwide is

------ malnutrition.

Population
     ‘explosion’ can be caused by

------ increasing K, new habitats, removing limiting
     factors, or better medicines.

The first
     human populations occurred in the

------ grasslands or savannah habitats.

Later,
     humans adopted grasses as the basis for

------ agriculture and the construction
     of human civilizations.

The
     largest decrease in human population size was caused by

------  a disease, the
     bubonic plague.

If human
     population growth actually fell to ZPG level, it would take ___ years for
     population growth to stop.

------ 60

The most
     reasonable and reliable way to limit population growth is

------ the decrease the
     birth rate.

A rapidly
     growing population shows an ‘age structure diagram’ that is

------ a pyramid with
     a very broad base.

Developing (less industrialized) countries tend
to be _______ from ZPG. ------ farther

Cycling
     of nutrients and flow of energy between community and the environment
     describes an

------ ‘ecosystem.’

Primary producers are _____, primary consumers are ___ __ ___, and a primary carnivore might be a ____.

------ plants, herbivores like cows, wolf

A combination of only ____ and ____ could be a
     sustainable ecosystem.

------ producers, decomposers

Without decomposers, ____ and ____, most nutrients
     would stop cycling and wastes would accumulate.

------ bacteria, fungi

The word ‘trophic’ means literally

------ “to feed.”

Primary producers depend only on

------ the available energy from
     outside sources, not other trophic levels.

For a terrestrial ecosystem, the ultimate source of energy
     input is

------  the sun.

Most of the energy within an ecosystem is ultimately lost
     a

------ heat from metabolism.

Detritivores consume ______ or ___ ___ ___ and, thus, must be animals.

------ particulate or bulk dead organic
     material

Decomposers, bacteria and fungi, are the most ____ organisms, use ____, and occur at ___ trophic levels.

------ numerous,wastes, all

Accumulation of toxic materials as nutrients move through
     a food chain is

------ ‘biological magnification.’

‘Net primary productivity’ =  ------ energy stored in
plant tissue – energy used in cell respiration.

Primary producers occur at the bottom or base of a

------ ‘pyramid of energy.’

Energy does not cycle through a(n)

------ ecosystem.

Most of the water vapor in the atmosphere on earth comes
     from

------ evaporation from the oceans.

Carbon is stored in  ------ living biomass, fossil
fuels, rocks, or shells of animals.

Carbon can occur as

------ dissolved carbonates or bicarbonates,
     carbon dioxide, or plant cellulose.

Carbon can be put into the atmosphere by

------ respiration,
     volcanoes, burning coal, or diffusion from the ocean.

In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is currently increasing
     and acts as a

------ ‘greenhouse gas.’

Carbon enters animals in the form of

------ carbohydrates.

The main source of increasing greenhouse gases in the
     atmosphere is

------  the burning of fossil fuels.

The greatest concentration and source of nitrogen on earth
     is the

------  atmosphere.

Crop rotation involving _____ can be used to replace or
     maintain soil nitrogen.

------ legumes

Plants utilize nitrogen in the forms of

------ ammonia and
     nitrates.

Sharp increases in nutrient, especially ____ and ____,
     concentrations can lead to ‘eutrophication’ in a body of water.

------ Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Heterotrophic organisms include all those except

------ primary
     producers.

All of the major macronutrients except _____ have an
     atmospheric phase in their biogeochemical cycling.

------ Phosphorus