Test 4 History And Systems Of Psychology

phi phenomenon a product of Max Werheimer who found it while riding in a train. He proposed that even though no motion occurs, motion is seen. This is seen thorugh the light in the circle and the stroboscope (bird and cage thing). perceptual constancy the tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, colour, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting Max Wertheimer Gestalt. Studied at Unviersity of Prague. In 1904 got his PhD from Unversity of Wurzburg with Kulpe. Propsed the phi phenomenon. Cofounded journal Psychological Research, left Germany during the reign of the Nazis. Kurt Koffka Gestalt. In 1909 got his PhD from University of Berlin with Stumpf. 1910 started associating himself with Wertheimer and Kohler at University of Frankfurt. 1922 wrote "Perception: an INtroduction to Gestalt Theorie" which set the up the basics of Gestalt psychology and was the first to do it. Very difficult to read however so it was not very well taken. Wolfgand Kohler Gestalt. 1909 got his PhD from University of Berlin with Stunpf. 1913-1920 stuck in the Canary Islands during WWI and studied and wrote about behavior in chimpazees. Suceeded Stumpf at Unviversity of Berlin. Said that Gestalt was a law of nature. Fled to America because he spoke out against Nazis. 1959 became president of APA. 4 Gestalt principles of perception 1. We percieve wholes, not clusters of sensations. 2. Perceptional organization occurs instantly and is spontaneous and inevitable. 3. brain is a dynamic system; all active elements interact 4. organizational principles; proximity, continuity, similarity, closure, figure/ground. Gestalt organizational principles proximity, closure, similarity, figure/ground proximity Things that are close are going to be grouped together Dots that are grouped together and dots that are in pairs Closure We will creat figures even though they do not have a concrete figure. WWF panda Figure/Ground the faces or glass picture Two meanings of Gestalt Gestalt refers to both objects and to their characteristic forms. Gestalt psychologists include the entire province of psychology Kohler's premise of Productive Thinking in Humans 1. Thinking is done in terms of wholes. the learner regards the situation as a whole the teacher must present the situation as a whole the whole problems must dominate the parts Why Gestalt was not accpeted quicly in the US 1. behaviorism was at its peak 2. a language barrier (very hard to read and understand) 3. Belief that Gestalt psychology delt solely with perception 4. Main innovators were at small colleges with no graduate program so there were no grad students to spread it 5. Gestalt was more about speaking against Wundt which was already over in the US Kurt Lewin Gestalt. 1914 got his PhD at Univeristy of Berlin with Stumpf (coincidence?). studied human motivation. Came up with "Life Space" or the field theory. Field Theory all past present and future events that may affect a person. each prior event affects how a person reacts in a situation. life space (aka psychological field) i think its the same as field theory, all past present and future events that may affect a person. each prior event affects how a person reacts in a situation. life space development a product of the amount and type of experience accumulated Lewin's definition of behavior cycle of tension (need) states followed by activity and relief Zeigarnik Effect The tendancy to reall uncompleted tasks more easliy than completed ones social field group and its environment Group behavior result of the total field situation at a given time Carl Jung Humanist. Weird childhood. Had a very strong friendship with Freud and helped spread Freud's ideas. Jung's Psychological Types libido directly inward (introversion) or outard (extroversion). Psychological functions; thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition. Personal Unconsciousness relatively accesible repressions, surpressions, and forgotten. complexes of organized memories, thoughts, preceptions and feelings Collective Unconsciosness contents and modes similar for everyone. archetype inherited evolved predisposition. persona a role that a person assumes for public consumption. shadow the residue of animal behavior. archetype archetype inherited evolved predisposition. persona a role that a person assumes for public consumption shadow the residue of animal behavior anima female personality types animus male personality type Carl Rogers psychodynamically oriented theories but electic. had notable disagreement with U of Chicago medical department, taped all of his therapy sessions. client centered therapy ( or perosn-centered treatment) evey person has the ability to be psychologicvally healthy and self actualized. ingredients necessary for client centered therapy 1. accepting environment 2. unconditional positive regard 3. empathetic understanding 4. congruence (genuineness by therapist) Abraham Maslow Humanist. Went to Univeristy of Wisconsin. Did fellowship with Thorndike and decided to study motivation and perception. Came up with the needs heirarchy. Needs Heirarchy physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization. subjective individual experience is essential to psychology's subject matter. Self Actualization The highest level of Maslow's needs heirarchy. It involves; morality, creativity, spontineity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts. Lev Vygotsky Coginitive. Focused on questions of structure/function in a areal world, behavioral perspective. did lots for children psychology. play behavior being able to explore the world without having to explore it. Imagination allows for development of abstract concepts. Playing house teaches children about social roles. Jean Piaget Cognitive. Studied biology. interested in psychoanalysis. Came up with child intelligence tests and the stages of cognitive development, and the schema theory. Piaget's cognitive development stages sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage. Sensorimotor stage Birth-2. Develop object permenance. preoperational stage 2-7. Animism (animal thinking), egocentrism (fixation on own perspective) concrete operational stage 7-12. sense of conservation of quantity. example with the tall and short cup with same water. formal operational stage 12+. abstract thinking assimilation the reuse of schemas to fit the new information accomodation making the schema fit the individual situation George Miller Cognitive. Best known for study of "The Magical Number Seven". Opened the first cognitive psychology lab at Harvard in 1960. The Magical Number Seven plus or minus two. its the number of things that someone could remember over a short period of time. Digits Four major Themes of Cognitive Psychology 1. Prompted the schema as the basis of cognitive psychology. 2. Advocated ecological validity of experiements so that they generalize outside the lab. 3. Focus of application of cognitive theories 4. Reconciliation with behaviorism. Perceptual cycle Mental structures (schema) direct behavior and our experiences modify the mental representations ecological validity so that they generalize outside the labratory Alan Turing Cognitive. He came up with the Turing test and interested in congnition and intelligence. Turing Test Had a person talk to computers and a person and try to figure out which was actually a person. If you believe it is intelligent then it is. Cognitive Sciences any science that has to do with the mind. cognition, perception, memory