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Nervous System |
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Without it, you couldn't exist!
Made up of your brain, your spinal cord, and a network of nerves.
Your brain uses information it receives from your nerves to coordinate all of your actions and reactions. |
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Neuron |
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A specialized, impulse-conducting cell.
CENTER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Consists of the cell body, axon, and dendrites. |
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Cell Body |
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Generates energy needed to carry out the work. |
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Dendrites |
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Root like structures, attached to the cell body of neuron, that receive impulses form other neurons. |
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Axon |
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A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from terminal buttons. |
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What is a neuron's job? |
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Carry messages in ONE DIRECTION from dendrites/cell body, through axon, to axon terminals.
Then transmits messages from terminal buttons to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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Glial Cells |
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Remove dead neurons & waste from the nervous system, nourish neurons, and direct their growth. |
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Myelin |
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A fatty substance that decreases leakage of electrical current being carried along the axon, allowing messages to conduct regularly. |
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Afferent Neurons |
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(Sensory Neurons)
Receive & transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
Ex: The feeling you get in your foot after someone steps on it. |
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Efferent Neurons |
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(Motor Neurons)
Transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.
Ex: Hopping around after someone steps on your foot. |
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Luigi Galvani |
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Discovered that neural impulses are electrochemical.
*Connected lightning rods to dissected frogs. When lightning struct their muscles contracted. |
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Neural Impulses |
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Electrochemical messages that travel within neurons at somewhere between 2 and 225 mph.
(neurons & body fluid contain ions in resting state)
Chemical changes happen within neurons which cause them to be transmitted. |
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Polarize/Resting Potential |
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An unequal distribution of ions (atoms with a positive or negative charge) on the two sides of the nerve cell membrane.
Expressed as -70 mV, and the minus means that the inside is negative relative to (or compared to) the outside.
It occurs when a membrane is not being stimulated or conducting impulses. |
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Peripheral part of the nervous system |
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Everything except the brain & spinal cord |
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Depolarize |
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To reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts to -----> 0. positive charge
Permeability of the cell membrane changes again, allowing no more sodium ions to enter. |
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Action Potential |
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Very rapid change in membrane potential that occurs when a nerve cell membrane is stimulated.
Potential goes from the resting potential (typically -70 mV) to some positive value (typically about +30 mV) in a very short period of time.
Next section of the cell becomes permeable, positive ions are being pumped out, continuing the cycle.
A L L O R N O N E |
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How messages travel from neuron to neuron |
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A neuron fired neurotransmitters out of an axon.
Incoming messages combine to reach a certain threshold. |
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All-or-none principle |
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Action potentials occur maximally or not at all. |
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Refractory Period |
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A phase following firing during.
A neuron is less sensitive to messages from other neurons and will not fire. |
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Synapse |
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Flows info from one neuron to another.
When a nerve impuls reaches a synapse, axon terminals release chemical into the synaptic cleft. |
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Synaptic Vesicles |
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Sacs in axon terminals, which contain neurotransmitters. |
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Neurotransmitters |
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Chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another.
Work only at matching sites. -Exite: cause others to fire -Inhibit: prevent others to fire
Excess or Deficiencies lead to depression & schizophrenia
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Receptor Site |
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A location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter. |
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Parts of the nervous system |
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Brain, spinal cord, and nerves linking them to sensory organ, muscles, and glands. |
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Central part of the nervous system |
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The brain & spinal cord |
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Somatic Nervous System |
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Transmits messages about sight, sound, ect.Afferent (Sensory) & Efferent (Motor) |
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Automatic Nervous System |
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Regulate glands & muscles of internal organs. -Sympathetic: prepares body for emergency -Parasympathetic: becomes active during relaxation. |
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Spinal Cord |
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A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain |
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Spinal Reflex |
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A simple, unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only 2 neurons (sensory & motor neuron) |
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Gray Matter |
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Nonmyelinated neurons. Grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflex/or send axons to brain. |
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White Matter |
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Longer myelinated axons that carry messages to and from the brain. |
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Episonic Memory |
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remember what, where, and when you at dinner? |
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Amygdala |
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Fear, emotion, and anxiety. Discovered by Delgado
Triggers stereotypical aggressive responses. |
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Down Syndrome results from |
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when you have an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Characterized by mental deficiency, a broad face, and slanting eyes. Death by middle age. |
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Wilder Penfield |
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Stimulated parts of the brain with electrical probes |
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The Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Record natural electricity in the brain (brain waves) passed between electrodes.
Associated with feeling of relaxation, sleep stages, and epilepsy. |
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Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT Scan) |
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Brain imaging that passes a narrow x-ray beam through the head & measures structures that reflect the rays from various angles, enabling a computer to generate a 3D image. |
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Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan) |
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Brain imaging that injects a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and assesses activity of parts of the brain according to the amount of glucose they metabolize. |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Brain imaging that places a person in a magnetic field and uses radio waves to cause the brain to emit signals that reveal shifts in the floe of blood, which, in turn, indicate brain activity. |
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Functional MRI |
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A form of MRI that enables researchers to observe the brain "while it works" by taking repeated scans. |
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Prefrontal Cortex |
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EXECUTIVE CENTER where decisions are made to keep information in memory and solve problems |
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Hindbrain |
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Where the spinal cord rises to meet the brain. |
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Pons(bridge) |
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A structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, sleep, and dreaming.
In front of medulla. Transmits info about body movement. |
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Medulla |
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An oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulating heartbeat and respiration. |
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Cerebellum |
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A part of the hindbrain involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior. |
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Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
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A part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal.
Vital in attention, sleep, and arousal.
Injury may result in a coma. |
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Forebrain |
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Most forward part of the brain. |
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Thalamus |
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Near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in the functions of sleep and attention. |
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Hypothalamus |
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A bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation, and emotion. |
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James Olds & Peter Milner |
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Discovered an animal's hypothalamus on accident.
PLEASURE CENTER
Humans are stimulated by higher functions. Choices & Values. |
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Limbic System |
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A group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum. |
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Cerebrum |
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The large mass of the forebrain, which consists of 2 hemispheres |
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Cerebral Cortex |
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The wrinkled surface area(gray matter) of the cerebrum. |
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Fissure |
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Valley in the cortex. |
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Somatosensory Cortex |
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The section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected. It lies behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe. |
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Prefrontal region |
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Involved in thinking & language. |
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Aphasia |
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A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language. |
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Wernicke's Aphasia |
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A language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language. |
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Broca's Aphasia |
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A language disorder characterized by slow difficult speech. |
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Left Brain |
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Logical & Intellectual |
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Right Brain |
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Intuitive, creative, and emotional. |
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Left Handedness |
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Used to be considered a deficiency.
Tend to have language problems, yet gifted in music & math.
1 parent left handed = 80% probability for child |
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Epilepsy |
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Temporary disturbances of brain function that involve sudden neural discharges. |
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Glands |
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Organs that secrete one or more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva, milk.
2 Types: with & without ducts |
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Ducts |
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A passageway that carries substances to specific locations. |
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Endocrine System |
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System of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the blood stream. |
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Hormone |
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A substance secreted by an endocrine gland that regulates body functions.
Ex: growth,metabolism, and some behavior |
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Pituitary Gland |
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MASTER GLAND -growth hormone(muscles, bones, glands) -prolactin (maternal behavior) -Vasopressin (paternal behavior for animals) -Oxytocin (stimulates labor) |
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Hypothalamus |
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COMMANDER GLAND |
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Pineal Gland |
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Secretes melatonin: regulates sleep-wake cycle |
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Thyroid Gland |
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Produces thyroxin, which affects the body's metabolism. |
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Hypothyroidism |
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A condition that results from too little thyroxin.
Too much or too little causes overweight & sluggishness. |
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Cretinism |
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A condition characterized by stunned growth & mental retardation. |
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Adrenal Glands |
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(located above the kidneys)Secretes hormones called corticosteroids: increase resistance to stress, promote muscle development, cause liver to release sugar, making more energy available for emergencies. |
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Darwin |
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Believed in evolution & contradicted the Bible |
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Batural Selection |
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Species that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. |
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Mutation |
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Small, random genetic variations. |
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Evolutionary Psychology |
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Studies ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior. |
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Instincts |
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Stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus. |
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Heredity |
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Defines Nature
Traits from parents to offspring by means of genes. |
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Genetics |
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Defines Nurture
The area of biology that focuses on heredity. |
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Genes |
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MOST BASIC unit of heredity, found on a specific point on chromosome |
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Chromosomes |
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A microscopic rod-shaped body in the cell nucleus carrying genes that transmit heredity traits from generation to generation. |
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DNA |
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Forms the basic material of chromosomes; form of a double helix and contains genetic code.
James Watson & Francis Crick |
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Polygenetic |
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Traits influenced by gene combos.
Ex: intelligence. |
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Genotype |
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Genetic makeup based on nucleotide sequencing.
NATURE |
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Phenotype |
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Outer appearance based off life experiences.
NURTURE |
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Sex Chromosomes |
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23rd pair, which determines sex
X from father =femaleY from father=male |
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Kinship Studies |
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*identical twins share 100% genes**parents & children have 50%**aunts & uncles share 25% with nieces/nephews**1st cousins share 12.5%* |
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Zygote |
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The fertilized egg cell (ovum) that carries genetic messages from both parents |
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Monozygotic Twins (MZ) |
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Develop from a single fertilized ovum that divides into 2 early in development; share the same genetic code. (IDENTICAL) |
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Dizygotic Twins |
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Develop from 2 fertilized ova who are closest relates as brother & sister in general (FRATERNAL) |
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