Psychology Chaps 10+12

a strong affectional bond with special others that endures over time attachment biological source for attachment imprinting the pleasurable tactile sensations provided by a soft and cuddly "parent" is a powerful contributor to attachment contact comfort researcher observes infants in the presence or absence of their mother and a stranger strange situation procedure when exposed to a stranger the infant seeks closeness and contact with the mother-uses mother as a safe base to explore-moderate distress when mother leaves securely attached infant does not seek closeness or contact with the mother, treats mother like a stranger, rarely cries when mother leaves avoidant infant becomes very upset when the mother leaves the room. when mother returns infants seeks close contact and then squirms angrily to get away anxious/ambivalent kohlbergs first level of moral development, in which morality is based on rewards, punishment, and the exchange of favors preconventional level Kohlbergs second level of moral development, moral judgements are based on compliance with the rules and values of society conventional level Kohlbergs highest level of moral development, individuals develop personal standards for right and wrong, define morality in terms of abstraxt principles and values that apply to all situations and societies postconventional level the eight developmental satges, each involving a crisis that must be successfully resolved, that individuals pass through in ericksons theory of psychosocial development psychosocial stages social responsibility and personal concerns are seperate issues hindu stage where we learn to trust needs will be met stage 1-birth -1yr stage where we begin to assert sense of independence-autonomy vs shame and doubt stage 2-ages 1-3 stage where we learn to initiate activities and develop sense of self-confidence and sense of social responsibility-initiative vs guilt stage 3 ages 3-6 stage where we begin to learn new productive life skills, develop a sense of pride and competence-industry vs inferiority stage 4 ages 6-12 stage where we develop a coherent and stable self-definition(identity) by exploring many roles and deciding who or what they want to be-identity vs role confusion stage 5 ages 12-20 stage where we from lasting, meaningful relationships, which help develop a sense of connectedness and intamacy with others-intamacy vs isolation stage 6 -young adulthood stage where the challenge is to be nurturant of the younger generation- generativity vs stagnation stage 7 middle adulthood during this stage we reflect on our pasts. if reflection shows a life well-spent, person experiences self-acceptance and satisfaction-ego integrity vs despair late adulthood biological maleness and femaleness, including chromosomal sex-related activities sex psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological maleness or femaleness gender societal expectations for normal and appropriate male and female behavior gender roles suggest gender roles develop as children social learning theory suggest children form gender schemas(mental images) of correct behaviors for boys vs girls cognitive developmentall theory combining characteristics typically male with those typically female androgyny societal role as other sex transgendered change biological sex transexual cultures in which the needs and goals of the individual are emphasized over the needs and goals of the group indiviualistic cultures cultures in which the needs and goals of the group are emphasized over the needs and goals of the individual collectivistic cultures major factor in determining job success and satisfactiona according to John Holland personality-job fit theory successful aging is fostered by a full and active commitment to life activity theory of aging successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society disengagement theory a natural decline in social contact as older adults become more selective with their time socioemotional selectivity theoy one a living thing dies, it cannot be brought back to life permanence all living things eventually die universality all living functions, including thought, movement, and vital signs end at death nonfunctionality the study of death and dying thanatolgy patterns of emotion, thought, and action that are considered pathological (diseased or dioredered) for one or more of these reasons: statistical infrequency, disability or dysfunction, personal distress, or violation of norms abnormal behavior perspective that diseases (including mental illness) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured medical model branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders psychiatry classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to describe abnormal behaviors diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders used to be all freuds belief that all neurotic conditions arise from unconscious conflicts-many now redistributed as anxiety disorders.... neurosis refers to a person who cannot be held responsible for his or her own actions, or is judged incompetent to manage his or her own affairs because of mental illness insanity term for distinguishing the most severe mental disoreders such as schizophrenia and some mood diorders psychosis patients current condition or "state", such as anxiety, substance abuse, amd depression state disorders enduring problems that seem to be an integral part of the self including long0running personality disorders and mental retardation trait disorders which axis is classified as symptoms taht cause distress or significantly impair social or occupational funtioning(anxiety disorders, depression) axis 1- clinical disorders which axis refers to chronic and enduring problems that generally persist throughout life and impair interpersonal or occupational funtioning axis 2-personality disorders and mental retardation which axis refers to physical disorders that may be relevent to understanding or treating a psychological disorder axis 3-general medical condition which axis refers to problems such as interpersonal stressors and negative life events that may effect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of psychological disorders axis 4-psychosocial and environmental problems which axis refers to the individuals overall level of functioning in social, occupational, and leisure activities axis 5-global assessmet of functioning a type of abnormal behavior characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear anxiety disorder characterized by chronic, uncontrollable, and excessive fear and worry that lasts atleast six months and is not focused on any particular object or situation generalized anxiety disorder symptoms are sudden, but brief, attacks of intense apprehension that cause trembling, dizziness, and difficulty breathing panic disorder involve a stron, irrational fear and avoidance of objects or situations that are generally considered harmless-ex fear of dentist, elevators phobia people with this restrict their noraml activities because they fear having a panic attack in a crowded, enclosed, or wide-open places where they would be unable to recieve help in an emergency agoraphobia involves persistant, unwanted, fearful thoughts(obsessions) and/or irrestible urges to perform an act or repeated rituals(compulsions) which help relieve the anxiety created by the obsession OCD-Obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states mood disorders long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life major depressive disorder repeated episodes of mania (unreasonable elation and hyperactivity) and depression bipolar disorder theory that people(and other animals) become resigned to the idea that they are helpless to escape from something painful learned helplessness theory group of psychiatric disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior. Individual withdraws from people and reality, often into a fantasy life of delussions and hallucinations schizophrenia imaginary sensory perceptions that occur withouot an external stimulus hallucinations mistaken beliefs based on misrepresentations of reality delusions almost no emotional response of any kind flattened affect assume a nearly immobile stance for an extended period of time cataleptic involve addictions to or exaggerations of normal thought processes and behaviors, including bizarre delusions and hallucinations positive schizophrenia symptoms involve loss or absence of normal thought processes and behaviors, including impaired attention, limited or toneless speech, flattened affect, and social withdrawal negative schizophrenia symptoms abuse of or dependence on a mood or behaviior altering drug substance-related disorders Amnesia, fugue, or multiple personalities resulting from avoidance or painful memories or situations dissociative disorders previously known as multiple personality disorder-in which atleast two seperate and distinct personalitites exist within a person at the same time dissociative identity disorder (DID) inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning personality disorders used interchangeably with the terms sociopath and psychopath-describe behavior so far outside the ethical and legal standards of society that many consider it the most serious of all mental disorders antisocial personality disorder core features of this disorder are impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image borderline personality disorder (BPD) characterized by delusions and cannibalistic impulses-may see people turning into edible animals-typically loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, insomnia windigo-or wiitiko-psychosis relatively stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions personality relatively stable and consistent characteristics that an be used to describe someone traits trait thoery that explains personality in terms of the "big five" model, which is composed of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism five-factor model (FFM) Big Five-first letters of model spell out word ocean:) frueds term for thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering conscious freuds term for thoughts or motives that can be easily brought to mind preconscious freuds term for thoughts or motives that lie beyond a persons normal awareness but that can be made available through psychoanalysis unconscious set of ethical rules for behavior superego in freudian theory, the ego's protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality defense mechanisms mechanism by which the ego prevents the most unacceptable, anxiety-provoking thoughts from entering consciousness repression in freudian theory, the five developmental periods (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally psychosexual stages we are motivated by our goals in lief-especially our goals of obtaining security and overcoming feelings of inferiority individual psychology deep feelings of inadequacy and incompetence that arise from our feelings of helplessness as infants inferiority complex emphasized unconscious processes, but he believed that the unconscious contains positive and spiritual motives as well as sexual and agressive forces- Carl Jung analytical psychology the collective unconscious consists of primitive images and patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior archetypes Rogers term for all the information and beliefs that individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior self-concept Rogers term for positive behavior toward a person with no contingencies attached unconditional positive regard Banduras term for the learned belief that one is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and achieving personal goals self-efficacy Banduras belief that cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality reciprical determinism attempts to determine the extent to which behavioral differences among people are due to genetics as opposed to the environment behavioral genetics standardized questionnaires that require written responses, usually to multiple-choice or true-false questions objective-personality tests-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory psychological tests that use ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious thoughts onto the test material projective tests-Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test study of how other people influence a persons thoughts, feelings, and actions social psychology explanations for behaviors or events attributions misjudgemnet of others behaviors as stemming from internal (dispositioinal) rather than external (situational) causes fundamental attribution error (FAE) human personalitites and behaviors are more noticable than situational factors saliency bias when we explain our own behavior we tend to favor internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures self-serving bias learned predispositions to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to particular objects in a particular way attitudes a feeling of discomfort caused by a discepancy between an attitude and a behavior between two attitudes cognitive dissonance a learned, generally negative attitude directed toward specific people solely because of their membership in an identified group prejudice when a stereotype or prejudice occurs without a persons conscious awareness or control- "automatic" implicit bias positive feelings towards another interpersonal attraction faulty decision making that occurs when a highly cohesive group strives for agreement and avoids inconsistent information groupthink actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper altruism-prosocial behavior