Psych Test 5

motivated behavior is an attempt to reduce this unpleasant state of tension in the body and to return the body to a state of homeostasis drive-reduction theory state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior drive unlearned drive, such as hunger, that are based on a physiological state primary drives learned drives, such as ambition, that are not based on a physiological state secondary drives theory of motivation that proposes that organism seek an optimal level of arousal arousal theory states that there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates yerkes-dadson law a desire to perform a behavior that stems from the enjoyment derived from the behavior itself (get enjoyment from doing activity) intrinsic motivation a desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment extrinsic motivation a theory of motivation advanced by Maslow holding that higher order motives involving social and personal growth only emerge after lower level of motives related to survival have been satisfied hierarchy of needs list the 5 hierarchy of needs from higher need to lower 1. physiological needs 2. safety needs 3. belongingness needs 4. esteem needs 5. self-actualization needs unlearned motives, such as curiosity or contact, that prompts us to explore or change the world around us stimulus motives who said that humans have a need for contact Harry Harlow this focuses on a specific object that must be touched, handled, played with, and felt before we are satisfied manipulation behavior aimed at doing harm to others; also the motive to behave aggressively aggression the need to excel, to overcome obstacles achievement motive the desire to work hard and do a good job work orientation the preference for difficult or challenging feats, with emphasis on improving one's past performance mastery the enjoyment of pitting one's skills against those of other people competitiveness motivation to be with people affiliation motive emotions that are evident in all cultures, contribute to survival, associated with a distinct facial expression, and evident in non-human primates primary emotions emotions that are not found in all cultures, may be thought of as subtle combinations of the primary emotions secondary emotions states that stimuli causes physiological changes in our bodies, and emotions result from those physiological changes james-lange theory states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes cannon-bard theory states that emotional experience depends on one's perception or judgement of a situation cognitive theory theory that sees behavior as the product of internal psychological forces that often operate outside our conscious awareness phsychodynamic theories the study of psychic energy and the way that it is transformed and expressed in behavior physchodynamics best known and most influential of the physhodynamic theorists sigmund freud according to freud, the energy generated by sexual instinct libido in freud's theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression (and principle matched) ID (pleasure principle) according to freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct pleasure principle Freud's term for the part of personality that mediates b/t environmental demands and instinctual needs (and principle matched) ego (reality principle) according to freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world realty principle according to freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscious and the ego ideal superego the part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be ego ideal according to freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individual's psychosexual development fixation first stage in freud's theory of personality development in which the infant's erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue oral stage second stage in freud's theory of personality development in which a child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination anal stage third stage in freud's theory of personality in which erotic feeling center on the genitals phallic stage according to freud, a child's sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage oedipus complex, and electra complex in freud's theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to has no interest in the other sex, occurs after the phallic stage latency period in freud's theory of personality of development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development which is usually marked by mature sexuality genital stage any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning humanistic personality theory according to rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming actualizing tendency according to rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts or the images they have of themselves self-actualization tendency according to rogers, an individual whose self-concept closely resembles his or her inborn capacities or potentials fully functioning person in roger's theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of his or her behavior unconditional positive regard in roger's theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on another's behaving in certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions conditional positive regard you are attracted to two incompatible goals at the same time approach/approach repelled by two undesirable alternatives at the same time, you are inclined to escape, although other factors often prevent such an escape avoidance/avoidance you are both repelled by and attracted to the same goal approach/avoidance intentional efforts to change an uncomfortable situation direct coping acknowledging a stressful situation directly and attempting to find a solution to the problem or to attain the difficult goal confrontation deciding on a more realistic solution or goal when an ideal solution or goal is not practical compromise avoiding a situation when other forms of coping are not practical withdrawal self-deceptive techniques for reducing stress, including denial, repression, projection, identification, regression, intellectualize, reaction formation, displacement, and sublimation defense mechanisms refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality denial excluding uncomfortable thoughts, feeling, and desires from consciousness repression attributing one's repressed motives, feelings, or wishes to others projection taking on the characteristics of someone else to avoid feeling incompetent identification reverting to childlike behavior and defenses regression thinking abstractly about stressful problems as a way of detaching oneself from them intellectualization expression exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of one's repressed beliefs or feelings reaction formation shifting repressed motives and emotions from an original object to a substitute object displacement redirecting repressed motives and feeling into more socially acceptable channels sublimation