Oceanography Quiz

What is life? The ability to manipulate energy What are the two sources of energy? 1. Photosynthesis 2. Chemosynthesis What is the equation for photosynthesis? co2+h20 ----> c6h1206+02 What is chemosynthesis? co2+o2+h2s ---> c6h1206+s+h20 Where is chemosynthesis found? Found in the deep ocean, sea floor vents What is primary productivity? Converting energy into usable energy What are phytoplankton? Drifting photosynthesizing organisms What are extremophiles? Single cell organisms that live in the extreme environments such as vents, salt ponds, etc. What family are extremophiles in? archae family What are trophic levels? groups that are defined by their mode of feeding What are the two trophic levels? 1. Autotrophs- Primary producer, self feeder 2. Heterotrophs- Consumer What is the correlation between number of organisms to the trophic level? There are more primary producers than anything else and there are a limited number of top level trophic groups because they take so much energy to sustain them What 4 elements make up life? 1. Nitrogen 2. Oxygen 3. Hydrogen 4. Carbon What are biochemical cycles? The interaction of living and non-living trophic levels What are limiting factors? A physical or biological necessity that limits action of organisms What are some good examples of limiting factors? 1. Temperature 2. Light 3. Nutrients What is the limiting factor in the aphotic zone? Light What are ectothermic organisms? Organisms that are cold blooded. Have an external heat source What are endothermic organisms? Warm blooded organisms. Have an internal heat source What are the factors affecting functions of organisms? 1. Light 2. Temperature 3. Nutrients 4 . Salinity 5. Dissolved Gasses The solubility of gasses in water _____ as temperature _____ Decreases; Increases What is diffusion? The spread of something due to the random vibration of molecules that causes an equal diffusion (distribution) of stuff in a medium What is osmosis? The diffusion of water through a membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing theconcentrations of materials on either side of themembrane. What is active transport? The active movement through a membrane. The reverse of passive diffusion. Requires energy What is evolution? Change over time What is natural selection? The organisms most well adapted to the environment will survive. Environment chooses individuals to survive through hese adaptions Who proposed the theory of natural selection? Charles Darwin What is taxonomy? How we organize living (and dead) organisms What are the two types of cells? 1. Prokaryote 2. Eukaryote What are prokaryote and eukaryote cell types like? Pro- simple, small cells, no nucleus Euk - bigger, complex with nucleus What are the three domains? 1. Bacteric 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya What are the 6 kingdoms? 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Fungi 4. Animilia 5. Plantae 6. Protista What is the Linnean System? Created by Carl Linneaus. The naming system of species What is the decending order of organization (use acronym) 1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3.Class 4.Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species What is a species? A group of individuals with genetic material from the same gene pool that can create offspring that produce viable offspring Binomial Nomenclature One standardized Latin word for the genus and for the species * Genus capitalized * Secies not capitalized What are the two life habit types in the ocean? 1. Plankton- Not having the ability to actively swim, drifter 2. Nekton- Have the ability to swim What are phytoplankton? Autotrophs living in the euphotic zone that are important for marine life and are the basics of the food chain What are the types of Phytoplankton? 1. picoplankton 2. diatoms 3. dinoflagellates 4. coccolithophore What are the two most important types of phytoplankton? picoplankton and diatoms How do you measure primary productivity? Black and clear water bottles in the different levels of the ocean (euphotic, aphotic, photic zones) and measure the amounts of carbohydrates due to how much photosynthesis is occuring What defines the bottom of the euphotic zone? Where the respiration and photosynthesis levels are equal What factors of the nutrients from the coast affect the concentrations of highest productivity? nutrient run off and upwelling What are the limiting factors of the tropics and polar regions? Tropics- nutrients Poles- light Are zooplantkton heterotrophs or autotrophs? heterotrophs What are the types of zooplankton? copepod, krill, and jellies What is seaweed? algae, autotroph What is kelp? multi-cellular species, really productive with photosynthesis, extremely fast growing, live in cold nutrient laden waters, creates lots of carbohydrates How are seaweed classified? By color Three types of seaweed 1. Chlorophyta- green 2. Phaeophyta- brown 3. Rhodophyta- red What are mangroves? Plants with roots in the water but the plant grows above the water surface What are angiosperms? Flowering plants that give fruit to be eaten by animals to spread seed What are animals? multi-cellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes When is the first animal seen? between 1.2 billion years ago and 365 million years ago Explain the Precambrian Time Period dominated by prokaryotes What is Oxygen Revolution? When photosynthesis starts giving off oxygen and change the atmosphere. Oxygen was poisonous at first What is evidence of this revolution? banded iron formations on rocks What are the phylums of the animalia? 1. Porifera 2. Cnidaria 3. Molluscus 4. Arthropods 5. Chordates What do porifera do? pump water through there cells ex. sponges What are cnidaria? have pollups and specialized stinging cells ex. jellyfish and coral