Define The Solvent Properties Of Water Flashcards

the polarity of water molecules is responsible for all of the following, EXCEPT covalent bonding the dissolving ability of water is related to attraction between the water molecule's positive and negative charges on other atoms if a sound pulse is sent vertically downward into the sea and its reflected echo from the seafloor retruns 6 seconds later, the depth of the water is ______ meters (The average speef of sound in seawater is 1500m/sec.) 4500 extreme variation in the ocean's temperature is prevented by the water's heat capacity the _____ wavelengths of light penetrate deepest into the ocean blue when sea ice forms, the atmosphere above the ice ____ heat at the rate of about _____ calories per g of ice formed gains: 80 heat is measure in calories if ocean water were incompressible, sea level would stand _____ its present level greater than which method best transmits heat through water? convection which substance has the greatest density cold salt water if the salinity of ocean water is 36%, there are ____ g of salt left from evaporating 2kg of seawater 72 ions are removed from seawater by adsorption sources of oxygen in the open sea include the atmosphere and photosyntheses the pH of seawater is regulated by carbon dioxide which of the following chemicals is commerically extracted from seawater? bromine trace elements in seawater are necessary for many maries life forms a device used to separate fresh water from salt water using heat is called a still the concentration of carbon dioxide in surface water is low, whereas the concentration of oxygen is high because of the photosynthesis process which of the following ions has the highest concentration in seawater? Cl- which latitudinal area tends to have the highest average surface salinity about 25 degrees ozone destruction appears to be related to increasing levels of ______ in the atmosphere chlorine approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the suraface of the earth? 47% air becomes less dense and rises when -the air warms -the water vapor content increases -atmospheric pressure decreases the coriolis effect arises primarliy from the rotation of earth around its axis dimethyl sulfide is produced by marine plants during the indian wet monsoon, the prevailing wind blow _____ in the _____ onshore; summer a storm tide is due to the low atmospheric pressure at a storm's center and strong winds creating a surface flow toward the shore which reservoir stores the largest amount of CO2 the oceans the doldrums are found between the northeast trade winds and the southeast trade winds hurricanes derive their energy from _____ pressure zones in the ______ latitudes low; tropical layering in the ocean occurs because -surface processes form water layers of differeing combinations of salinty and temperature -atmospheric processes control conditions at the surface a rapid change in temperature with depth is called a thermocline if the density of the water increases with depth, the water column is stable a good example of the thermohaline circulation is found close to Antarctica in areas of downwelling, there is not likely to be a near-surface -halocline -pycnocline -thermocline the water type occupying the greatest volume of the atlantic ocean is north atlantic deep water an open OTEC system can produce -energy -fresh water -cold air for conditioning -nutrient-rich water for fish farming if two surface water types with the same desnity but different salinities and temperatures mix, the resulting water will be denser than both parent types seasor is a towed CTD system order the following water bodies from highest to lowest salinity mediterranean intermediate water, north atlantic deep water, antarctic bottom water in the northern hemisphere, the water surface of the open ocean moves 45 degrees to the right of the wind the average movement of all water affected by the wind is ______ degrees to the _____ of the wind motion in the souther hemisphere 90: left when geostrophic flow is achieved, the ____ force is balanced by the ____ force coriolis, gravitational currents are more intense on the _____ side of the north pacific and north atlantic oceans western a zone of surface divergence is an area of ____ and ____ biological productivity upwelling: high a current meter measures water speed and direction the main reason why the speed of the florida current is high because the channel through which is flows is narrow wind-driven surface currents move at a speed that is _____ the average driving wind speed one one-hundredth eddies -persist for long periods of time -mix water -lose enery to turbulence -stir up bottom sediments the large oceanic surface currents gyres centered on about 30N rotate clockwise the restoring force of a fully developed wind wave is gravity the maximum diameter of a water particle orbit of a deep water wave is defined by wave height the orbital motion of a deep water wave extends to a depth equal to one-half the wavelength if a surface water wave has a wavelength of 200 m and a 5-second period its speed is 4000 cm/sec water particle orbits for a shallow water wave are elliptical and flatten with depth water protected from direct wave influence behind a breakwater can be placed in motion by wave -diffraction -refraction -relfection water transported shoreward in the surf zone is returned seward by rip currents the fetch of a moving storm systerm ____ on the side of the storm where the wind is blowing in the ____ direction as the strom is moving decreases; opposite increases; same wave height of a wind waves depends on windspeed and duration and fetch the speed of a shallow water wave varies with the depth of the water the terms ebb and flood pertain to -outgoing and incoming tides -the direction of the tidal current flow to navigate swift tidal currents safely, small boats need to wait for slack water the length of a tidal day for a mixed semidiurnal tide is about _____ hours 24.8 the _____ tide component tends to make high tides appear about one hour later each day lunar using equillibrium tidal theory, the tide may be considered a wave with a wavelength approciamtely half the circumferece of Earth diurnal tides are more prevalent at middle latitudes when the tide-raising bodies are at high declination _____ tides occur at the first quarter moon neap since the earth turns_____ the tide wave tends to move ______ around earth eastward; westward the tidal range toward the center of an ocean basin wtih a rotary standing tide is _____ the range at the edges of the basin smaller than friction between the moving tide wave and the turning Earth acts to slow the rotation rate of Earth and make the tide wave move as a forced wave Historians believe that seagoing ships of all kinds were probably derived from The Egyptians the first world atlas was produced by the Greek, Ptolemy the voayges of Christopher Columbus were an effort to find a westward route to the East Indies Captain James Cook -made three voyages to chart the pacific ocean and its islands -used a copy of john harrison's chronometer to produce accurate charts -circumnavigated the glove -was killed on the island of Hawaii the franklin-folger map of the gulf stream allowed ships to determine their position with respect to the gulf stream by using a thermometer which of the following individuals first studied the formation of atolls charles darwin oceanography as a modern science is usually dated from the challenger expedition Fridtjof Nansen froze the vessel, Fram, into the ice to explore the current system of the arctic keeping accurate time at sea is necessary to make mesurements of longitude and accurate maps the drilling ships, Glomar Challenger and JOIDES Resolution have been used to study Earth's crust beneath the sea a map made from an equatorial cylindirical projection shows greatest distortion at high latitudes an area drawn on a hypsographic curve equates to a volume of land or water approcimately what percentage of gas emitted by volcanoes is water vapor? 70% how long does it take for the Earth to make on rotation on its axis? 24 hours if a clock set to Greenwich Mean Time or Universal Time is moved to a location where Noon, according to the sun, occurs at 4:30pm clock time, what is the longitude of the clock? 67.5 W what is the main evidence of extraterrestrial oceans beaneath the icy surface of two of Jupiter's moons, Europa and Callisto? Induced magnetic fields which circle of latitude or longitude has the smallest circumference? 80S which of the following factor(s) enable(s) the ecistence of liquid water on the earth's surface? -earth's solar orbit -rotation of the earth on its axis -the earth's atmospheric gases why are meteorites used to establish an age for the earth? -they are believed to be the same material from which the earth was formed -rocks on earth have been recycled since the earth was formed and are not believed to be as old as the earth itself what are the two possible sources of water in the oceans -water vapor in gases from volcanic eruptions -water vapor from atmospheric impacts of icy comets the ocean's oldest sediments are found on top of the basalt layer, far from spreading centers a fixed volcanic hot spot on Earth tends to produce a _____ on a moving plate series of volcanic peaks the deep-ocean trenches are usually associated with -volcanism -island arc systems -earthquakes seafloor spreading is continuing at a rate of approximatelt 1 to 10cm/year magnetic stripes on the seafloor are created at spreading centers higher seafloor heat flow values are found near ocean ridge systems which of the following help us believe that earth's mass is distributed spherically and uniformly around earth's center earth's spherical shape and lack of rotational wobble the density of earth materials _______ as the core is approached increases plates move horizontally past each other along transform faults mid-ocean rises are relatively low and broad when spreading rate is high the most common topographic features on earth are probably abyssal hils which of the following is not true about passive continental margins they are commonly at subduction zones why do small particles descend to the seafloor at rates exceeding expectation the particles attract each other and the particles are incorporated into the fecal pellets of small animals the particle size of terrigenous sediments gernally _____ with distance from shore decreases manganese nodules are pelagic hydrogenous sediemnt a fathom is a unit of depth inactive volcanic seamounts on top of the oceanic crust will subside with time the continental rise is a product of sedimentation turbidity currents produce some submarine canyons surface coral formations growing around completely submerged seamounts are called atolls