MYP: Biology 9th Grade (Final Exams)

Nuclear envelope w/ pores.plant&animal nucleus A double membrane that surrounds and contains nuclear material. Nuclear pores allowmaterials to leave the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell. NucleolusBoth .Nucleus .Made up of chromatin. It assembles ribosomes. Chromosome/ ChromatinBoth Nucleus Store genetic information (DNA). Chromatin is DNA wound around protein spools, while chromosomes are tightly coiled chromatin during cell division. Mitochondria “Powerhouse” BothCytoplasm double-membrane organelle... the site of cellular respiration in the cell. (cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy) •Endoplasmic Reticulum “Internal transport system” Both .Cytoplasm transports material throughout cell.ser manufactures lipids/breaks down toxic substances.RER. important making of proteins due to ribosomes. •Golgi apparatus “Packaging Plant” Both Cytoplasm.Made up of flattened membrane sacs. Modifies and packages proteins and other substance. Chloroplast Plants.Cytoplasm.(contains chlorophyll), .Site of photosynthesis in a plant cell. 1st of 3 plastids. Amyloplast/ Leucoplast Plants.Cytoplasm.2nd of 3 types of plastids found in plant cells. They store amylose (starch). Chromoplast Plants.Cytoplasm.3rd of 3 types of plastids, it stores accessory pigments in plant cells. Vacuoles/Vesicles Both .Cytoplasm.Vacuoles/vesicles are storage compartments of the cell. They can contain food, proteins, waste…etc… Lysosomes Animal.Cytoplasm.Produced by the Golgi apparatus, contain digestive enzymes used to breakdown food or worn out cell parts. Microtubules/ Microfilaments Both .Cytoplasm.Protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton.Microtubules are hollow tubes, while microfilaments are more thread-like. Centrioles Animal.Cytoplasm.Made up of 9 groups of 3 microtubules. They produce the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during cell division. Cell Wall Plant.Boundary.Made up of proteins and cellulose, it provides support and protection to a plant cell. It gives the cell its shape.. Plasma Membrane Both.Boundary.Made up of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded. Maintains homeostasis by regulating what enters and leaves the cell. •Cilia Animal.Boundary.Short hair-like structures used for locomotion. Usually they are numerous. •Flagella Animal.Boundary.Long whip-like structures used for locomotion. 1 or 2 per cell. Ribosomes Both .Cytoplasm,Endo. Reticulum,Nuc. Envelope NOT a true organelle. lack a membrane,VERY important ,they are the site of protein synthesis. atom the smallest part of an element molecule the smallest particle of a substance which can exist in a free state compound a molecule or particle made of different elements element a type of atom, a substance which cannot be further divided by chemical methods electron 1/1840.negative.electron cloud proton 1.positive.nucleus neutron 1.neutral.nucleus covalent bond a strong bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms hydrogen bonding a weak bond between hydrogen and a negative element hydrolysis the breaking of a covalent bond between two organic molecules using water condensation the formation of a strong covalent bond between two organic molecules releasing water. Name organic compounds: SPONCH elements. carbohydrates(cho)Lipids (CHOP).Proteins (CHONS).Nucleic Acids (PONCH) Name number of electrons on each ring(level): 1-2,2-8,3-18,4-32 Simplest organic compound methane backbone of organic compunds: Carbon carbohydrates CHO,monomer:monosaccharide(glucose),disaccharide(sucrose)...Polymer:polysaccharide(plants-cellulose,animals-glycogen,lignin-fungi) Lipids CHOP,monomer:fatty acid,glycerol,steroids(important in cell communication),waxes,cholesterol...polymer:triglycerides(fats and oils) Proteins CHONS.monomer:amino acids...polymer: polypeptides Nulcleic acids PONCH,monomer:nucleotide,atp,dna,rna...Polymer:nucleic acid, dna, rna, atp •RNA Usually single strands.Four types of nucleotides Unlike DNA, contains the base uracil in place of thymine. DNA Double-stranded .Sugar-phosphate backbone Covalent bonds in backbone.H bonds between bases Nucleic acids functions Energy carriers (ATP) Building blocks for nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) ATP special type of nucleic acid.Sugar.Three phosphate groups.Adenine (a nitrogen-containing base Nucleotide parts 5 carbon sugar.Nitrogen base.Phosphate group.When nucleotides combine, the polymer is still called a nucleic acid. •Types and functions of proteins: Structural(builds):Movement:Defense:Signaling:Cell recognition: Transport: enzyme controlled reactions Metabolism: controls build-up and break-down on organic macromolecules- Lowers energy required for reaction - Enzyme not changed by the reaction protein synthesis Peptide bond Covalent bonds link amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next waxes Long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.Firm consistency, repel water.Important in water-proofing sterols and derivatives No fatty acids.Rigid backbone of four fused-together carbon rings.Cholesterol - most common type in animals phospholipids Main component of cell membranes. Hydrophilic head. Hydrophobic tails fats Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol Triglycerides are most common Lipids:extra Most include fatty acids.Fats.Phospholipids.Waxes.Sterols and their derivatives have no fatty acids.Tend to be insoluble in water Chitin Polysaccharide.Nitrogen-containing groups attached to glucose monomers.Structural material for hard parts of invertebrates, Glycogen Sugar storage form in animals Large stores in muscle and liver cells polysaccharides Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers Most common are composed entirely of glucose disaccharide Type of oligosaccharide Two monosaccharides covalently bonded monosaccharides Simplest carbohydrates Most are sweet tasting, water soluble Most have 5- or 6-carbon backbone Cation an atoms that has lost one or more electrons (positively charged) ion charged particle Anion an atoms that has gained one or more electrons (negatively charged) water's three phases liquid,vapor(gas),solid(crystal) which model is which??* look at answer which is which? properties of water#1 Cohesive/adhesive.Bonds to hydrophilic substances.dissolve substances.Repels hydrophobic sub..Expands when freezes.Temperature stabilizing properties of water#2 transparaency,cohesion,solvent properties Cohesion Water molecules stick to each other Solvent properties dissolve in water more properties of water#3 heat capacity(water has large capacity),boiling and freezing point(relatively high/hydrogen bonds must be broken) life must include: cellular organization,respond to stimuli,growth,development,metabolism,reproduction,homeostasis,adaptation cell theory:: all organisms are composed of one or more cells,cells are the basic unit of life,cells arise from existing cells exceptions to cell theory: spontaneous generation,panspermia,viruses what does the simplest cell look like:: cell membrane,DNA,cytoplasm,ribosomes Prokaryote parts: cell wall,cytoplasm,pili,flagella,ribosomes Hierarchy of life atoms/biomolecules/organelles/cells/tissue/organ/organ systems/organism/population/community/ecosystem/biome/biosphere Organelle a subcellular structure that forms a specific function for the cell differences between plant and animal cells: cell wall/choloroplast/large cebtral vacuoles/centrioles why cells are small: sa:rate at which materials enter or leave a cell v:rate at which materials are used -may not be able to make materials/excrete materials Resolution the capability of distinguishing between two separate but adjacent objects;the degree of sharpness of an image info.::Light microscopes Magnifies images using light First type of microscope used and still widely used, poor resolution. (0.25 _m) Advantages of light microscopes Samples easily prepared.Samples examined while alive.Movement observed.Color.Field of view=relatively large.Inexpensive info.::Electron microscope Magnifies images using electrons Better resolution than light microscope. (0.25 nm) Disadvantages of electron microscope Preparation difficult, time consuming(toxic chemicals).Samples are killed in preparation.No movement.Monochrome.Small field of view.expensive scientists: cell theory theodor schwann/matthias schleiden/rudolf virchow Concentration Gradient the number of molecules or ions in one region is different than the number in another region Diffusion The net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient factors affecting diffusion rate: Steepness of concentration gradient(Steep gradient)Molecular size(Small mol. )Temp.(High temp.)Electrical/pressure gradients Osmosis The diffusion of water across a membrane Lipid bilayer Main component of cell membranes/Gives membrane its fluid properties/Fatty acid tails sandwiched between hydrophilic heads Fluid Mosaic Model Membrane is a mosaic of:Phospholipids/Glycolipids/Sterols (cholesterols)/Proteins Passive Transport Uses the energy of the system (no ATP)/Moves with the concentration gradient/Diffusion Fascillitated diffusion/Osmosis Active Transport Uses cellular (ATP) energy/Can move against the concentration gradient/large substances through the membrane/Active protein transport/ Label Image attached Ionic Bond nonmetal+metal Covalent Bond nonmetal+nonmetal just review over this review info.:Water *polar molecule (uneven distribution of +/ - charges) *excellent dissolving power, universal solvent due to it’s polarity *hydrogen bonding Acids * release "H" ion * pH range from 0-7 * sour taste Bases * release "OH" ion * "accepts" H ion from acid. * pH range from 7-14 * bitter taste & slippery Salts * product of neutralization reaction * ionically bonded, metal & non-metal pH of common life substances: pure water:7 lemon juice:2.3 baking soda:9 macromolecules: SPONCH elements Substrate: compound altered by enzyme All organic compounds:: Made by living things..essential for life/Have a carbon"C"backbone/Created by condensation reaction(dehydration synthesis)/Hydrolosis-break facilitated diffusion type of passive transport/moves substances down their gradient without using cell's energy What kind of carrier transport speeds up diffusion? carrier proteins sodium-potassium pump three sodium ions out of cell/two potassium ions in ion channel transport protein with polar pore through which ions can pass STM(scanning) uses computer to make a 3-d image which system do scientists use to measure? metric proteins in cell membranes include:: enzymes,receptor proteins,transport proteins, and cell-surface markers hydrogen bonding.. is a weak bond and occurs between polar molecules All matter is made ... of atoms activation energy the energy needed to start a chemical reaction theory a set of related hypothesis that have been tested and approved by many scientists prediction expected outcome of a test hypothesis en explanation that might be true observation the act of noting/perceiving objects or events with the senses