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katsura (what where when who) |
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imperial villa kyoto, constructed 1615, kabori enshu |
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katsura (features/details) |
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stroll garden unfolds as you walkwater always on the rightasymmetry NO AXISarch bridgecurtained tea house, meeting of stone + wood, simplicity and purity |
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divisions of japanese gardens |
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shin (formal)gyo (semiformal)so (informal) |
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japanese garden features / types |
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shakkei (borrowed scenery)hide and revealdry gardenstroll gardenikebana (flower arrangement) |
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chinese religious philosophies |
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confucianism: stratefied + collective society, hierarchy, scholars ---> emphatic axis arch.taoism: (%) aesthetic buddhism ---> asymmetrical balancebuddhism ---> meditation / contemplation |
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Lushan Mountains |
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china extraordinary spontaneous landscape - peaked mountains --> paintings --> buddhist retreat contemplative |
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chinese gardens (when/philosophies) |
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beginning 200 bc.-solitary contemplation-sociability-scholarship-reinterpreting great vision (essence) into small scale-multiplicity of views |
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chinese gardens elements |
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-stones selected from wild landscape - holes, placed upright-plant material: honor + personality, native but carefully selected --> seasonal + steadiness (plum blossom, pine, bamboo, lotus, ginko, banana, magnolia, weeping willow)-framing (from pavillion) - divisions - multiplicity of views - effects of light + small details-immersion |
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han dynasty |
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206bc-220ad…? |
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humble administrator's garden |
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zhuo zheng yuan - largest garden in suzhou (canal city)-hierarchically organized house, asymm gardens-WATER - NO large sheets -brook.stream-seasonalcolor, complex circuit, moongates, zigzag bridges (force you to see diff views and slow down) |
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netmaster's garden |
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suzhou-extraordinary lattice work (pavillions)-vibrantly painted-framing devices!-intricate pathways + rockwork |
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imperial gardens |
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china 1600s-1700s beijing, forbidden city-axis of gardens (to fragrant hills)-yi hi yuan - summer palace - atmospheric-17 acres hierarchical strict temples - 17 arch bridge |
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english renaissance gardens (name / elements) |
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tudor gardens:-knot gardens, pleached trees, mazes, geometric rigidly bilateral symmetrical, 4square gardens, lawnbowling |
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Montacute House, Somerset, 1580-1601 -influence of french gardens! formal elements derived from french gardens |
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Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, 1608-1612 -bilaterally symm house, mazes, knot gardens, raised walkways, subtly colored native flowers, topiary, -french influence. |
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0 |
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Wilton House Garden, 1634-6, Isaac de Caus(des), Earl of Pembroke(owner) -geometric patterning -series of compartments, rather than grand axis |
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english garden literature |
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The Gardener's Labyrinth, 1577 The Art of Gardening, 1677 |
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english hist 1600s |
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English Civil War 1642-60, Charles II returns to England from France, 1660 -
The Restoration---> concern with timber production --> conspicuously ordered garden replaced by garden inspired by sinuous/undulating virtue of nature |
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Hampton Court (“British Versailles”) - established by Henry VIII, 1525;
expanded by Charles I, 1638; restored by Charles II, 1660 -trivium, alleys, side axis, main canal -court side garden: elaborate know with trees: the wilderness -curvalinear walks and mazes -being lost within nature!!! |
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introduces "avenue" to English |
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Sylva, or a Discourse on Forest Trees, 1664 - John Evelyn |
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Glorious Revolution Enclosure Movement |
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Glorious Revolution 1688-89- king executed, king restored but not as powerful, ^landowning classes^, ^parliament power^, not absolutist monarch Enclosure Movement 1700-1830 - what had been common land used by peasants is privatized + enclosed in favor of aristocratic elite --> interested in agriculture production for wealth - landscape as object of improvement for commodities |
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William Temple |
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(1628-99) In Praise of Country Life - anti-urbanism |
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Joseph Addison |
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(1672-1719) journalist - inlfuenced by art of chinese gardens - naturalistic effects - dont look immediately artificial - sees sharing power of natures as metaphor for eng social sxr |
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Anthony Ashley Cooper |
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3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, The Moralists, 1709 - aesthetics + morality - WILD NATURE |
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Stephen Switzer |
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garden designer, The Nobleman, Gentleman, and
Gardener's Recreation, 1715 (Iconographia Rustica) - how estates should be organized - all adjacent countryside open to view, no wall NOT beaten into submission |
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Alexander Pope |
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(1688-1744) - densely planted garden + grottos
• Pope's Garden at Twickenham (West of London), 1719
• Epistle to Lord Burlington, 1731, "The Genius of Place" |
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William Hogarth |
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The Analysis of Beauty, 1753 – “line of beauty” -not axis but sinuous line / serpentine |
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grand tour |
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The Romantic View – the Grand Tour, the Roman Campagna , the landscape
painting of Claude Lorriane, Nicolas Poussin, and Salvator Rosa -overgrown, spontaneous grottos, wild nature + classical allusions/ruins |
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ha-ha sunken fence - view but no cows - seamless |
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kensington palace 1720s, Charles Bridgeman - redesigned from tudor - axis, wilderness compartments, ha-ha brings view of hunting park to palace - "the new river" lake curvalinear beauty |
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William Kent (1685-1748) • Rousham, Oxfordshire, 1738, client: General James Dormer -1720 bridgeman -axial+wilderness -mvmt thru sequence of spaces, agricultural land seen as part of garden, naturalistic style imitates spontaneous nature, visual garden extends beyond landscape. -grecoroman allusions + follies eye-catching -tudor style lawn+bowling --> dramatic transition to densely planted trees -small strolling pathways, serpentine walkway -ha-ha, minimized grading, naturalistic slopes |
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Henry Hoare II • Stourhead, Wiltshire, 1730-1760 -country estate, garden separate from house, open to rich friends visits -stroll garden around damned lake - metaphor for life - birth youth death afterlife -obelisk along axis allusion to rome -green plant material -turf bridge (end/beginning of journey) - temple of flora (birth), hermits cottage, pantheon, grotto - LOOKS LIKE PART OF SPONT.LANDSC, NOT |
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Phase II |
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Lancelot "Capability" Brown (1716-1783) - capability of landscape to become beautiful - hedge rows, reforestation, erosion prevention, topo manipulation |
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Petworth, West Sussex, 1751, des. lancelot capability brown, client: Lord Egremont -serpentine lake, all rooms look out onto landscpae -curvy sinous ha-has, treess lawns, -reproduction of game (esp deer): managed wildlife habitat - stocked lake w. fish |
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Blenheim, Oxforshire, 1764, des: lancelot capability brown, client: 4th Duke of Malborough -HUGE, broken up grand alley (originally Versailles mode) --> but cannot be erased -large riverlike lake, recreational carriageway, landscpae appears nonfxnal/aesthetic |
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Phase III |
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Humphrey Repton (1752-1818) • "Redbooks"
• Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening, 1795 -popularizes landscape style with middle class (literate) not just elite -very good draftsman before/after solves dire social situations -orthogonal terraces in/around house geometry -coupling productive +aesthetic landscape |
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Redefined Nature and the “Beautiful,” the “Picturesque,” and the “Sublime” |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) and Enlightenment Nature - nature as source of ultimate moralty (not evil/lowering morals) Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 1757
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city planning euro models(italy,france,eng) |
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turin: roman grid, castrum, open spaces opened not only at moumentspalmanova, italy 1593 concentric experiment of NOTidealparis place royale 1605 - green urban square+speculative devo fashionable highend residentscovent garden London 1631-7 church to side lack of clarity abt purpose |
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london fire |
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1666 rebuilding plans -Newcourt, GRID principle square substantiary squares**(philly1760s)-Evelyn, roman ideals, trivium, diagonals, monumental squares-Wren, grand diagonal WIDE roadways piazzas-Hooke, GRID city squares |
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leicester square - attached housing w similar arch treatment - fashionable |
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london1700s |
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st james's square 25x100 sq lots! - access to square only open to residents-urban edge devo pushing city outwards |
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american views of landscape |
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post-renaissance objectification, nature to be controlled,tamed, civilizedagendas: search for resources; christianity |
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native american sites |
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Cahokia, 1150 A.D. earthen pyramids 300+ft moundbuilding! Puebloes of the Rio Grande Valley -NM GRID similar to spanish towns, central open spaces, high bluff can see approaching visitors |
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colonial american towns HIST |
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colonial powers compete - military+religious institution+town(commerce)law of the indies 1573: regulation - influenctial urban design legislationlong narrow town lots!!!! (-->london!!!) St. Augustine, Florida 1565 San Antonio, Texas 1730 |
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Sudbury, Massachusetts |
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1613 preplanned accounting to model of english commonlands system where colonists graze livestock + townlot -->(AND THEN) individual selfsufficiency (affordable to gentry only in eng)-->ORIGIN AMERICAN SUBURB!!!!! |
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New Haven, Connecticut, 1638 9squares, central church, not private |
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Philadelphia, 1682 - William Penn with Thomas Holme -->commerce, idealism, trade, GRID EFFICIENCY to rivers -plan: central square +4subsidiary squares(NEWCOURT LONDON1666) |
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Savannah, Georgia 1732 - James Oglethorpe - prison reformist "wards" of 10 lots + greenspace |
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Annapolis, Maryland, 1695 - Gov. Francis Nicholson based on london plans-alternative to grid: grander city form |
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revolutionary war results… |
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Land Ordinance of 1785 – replaces “metes and bounds” -->Thomas jefferson based on roman grid centuriation - can be described with extraordinary recision from dc - basis in urban expansion - drawback: ignored ecological processes+encourages obliteration!!!! (-survey based on spontaneous landscape - measured in "chains") |
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Washington D.C., 1791 - Thomas Jefferson: grid, president+congress on axis, public land in between Pierre Charles L'Enfant (surveyor grew up at versailles): irregular grid + grand diagonal avenues+major monument squares at intersections
Benjamin Banneker: more regular grid, Andrew and Joseph Ellicot |
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Grid Towns |
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• Lancaster Courthouse Square • Shelbyville Courthouse Square • Midwest Town Square • Railroad Towns |
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grid additions |
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New York Commissioner’s Plan of 1811 |
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paris |
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surrounded by earthen ramparts planted w trees - promenade for all classes + refreshment + "cours" built proposedly as public space |
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emparkment |
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english monarch owns all wildlife, right to hunt |
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p |
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St. James Park, emparked1532
• designed by Andre and Gabriel Mollet 1660-2, • Pall Mall (pronounced pell mell) limited access-keys - 1750 public • redesigned by John Nash, 1827 and opened to the public |
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Hyde Park, emparked in 1540 • The Ring, 1635 for Charles I • Rue du Roi - Rotten Row • Kensington Gardens, 1729-37, Charles Bridgeman for Queen Caroline mixing of the social classes seperation of vehicular from ped traffic |
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Regents Park, redesigned by John Nash, 1811 under direction from John Fordyce, Surveyor General • Originally Marlybone Park, acquired by Henry VIII • Site of Marlybone Gardens surrounded by unified arch treatment meant to look like grand palaces |
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Vauxhall Gardens, 1661-1859 - entertainments, entrance price, pop for mid/upper class |
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Select Committee on Public Walks and Places of Exercise, 1833 |
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growth rate^^^^^^^^^ - vvvclass misery+social unrest-tax money can be used for public parks/legislation |
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Birkenhead Park, Liverpool, 1842-47, by Joseph Paxton,
Edward Kemp, surveyor recreational cariageway+winding walks+serpentine water |
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rural cemetery mvmt Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, 1831, Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, A. S. Dearborn -english landscape! deliberately curved roadways - promoted as a destination |
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us adaptation of english gardens |
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Andrew Jackson Downing, 1815-52 • The Horticulturalist • A Treatise on Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, 1841 |
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nyc |
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park opportunity for patronage / boost image - real estate spurred devocentral location: much of land already public prop NOT BANK SLATE |
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olmstead |
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Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822-1903 - friends w andrew jackson downing - greensward plan w calvert vaux |
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cantral park features: 1858-68eng landscape garden mode (brown), thick perimeter of trees (berkenhead) carriage ride/parade ground (berkenhead) winding pathways (hampton court)pastoral not picturesque (sheep meadow)before/after photography/sketches (humphrey repton)crosstown traffic way resolution sunken grading (hyde park)some axial clarity to brig you to /from lower east side/ftnvisual immersion+stroll not for recreationBUILT BEFORE CITY
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Prospect Park, Brooklyn, Olmsted and Vaux, 1866-68 immersion experience, long meadow, edge carriageway RAISED TOPO parkways - extended for miles within cities - intended to spur city outwards+connect park system |
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ggp |
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Golden Gate Park, 1868-72, des. William Hammond Hall wiggly carriageways anti-wind |
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Boston Park System, 1881 onwards
• initial concepts by Horace Cleveland • Emerald Necklace, 1881, olmstead and sons constructed wetland - drainage+sewage mgmt+ recreation |
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emerald necklace muddy river constructed spontaneous |
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franklin park emerald necklace - pastoral meadow wilderness, playfield, accepts plurality of american pop!! |
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Boston Metropolitan Park and Reservation System Charles Eliot 1860-1897 - managed by land trust - CONSERVATION of spontaneous ecology |
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chicago |
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Chicago Park System, 1870 onwards
• Humboldt Park, 1912, Jens Jensen • Neighborhood parks, many by the Olmsted Brothers --> recreational, in working class blocks, distribution of smaller parks -council rings to think about american democracy/society |
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national parks mvmt |
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influence of 18th century beautiful/picturesque/sublimelandscape paintings displayed on e coastpres theodore roosevelt 1901-09: moral physical spiritual uplift of wilderness |
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yosemite |
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1864 gvt gives yosemite valley to state of ca1890 yosemite+sequoia ntl parks --> john muir sierra club 1892 |
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yellowstone |
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1870 gvt sends exploratory party to yellowstone1872 1st ntl park est.hunting prohibited conservaation landsc+wildlife |
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1906 |
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antiquities act - ancient native american ruins CRISIS being destroyed - canyon de chellyhistoric/scenic/natural landscapes set aside as ntl monuments |
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hetch hetchy 1913 - ntl park but sf wants to dam+ reservoir - sierra club splitprivate utilities^ important to est public utility to prevent monopoly - electric public trans |
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national park etc |
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national park service national forests:productivenational wildlife refuge systemnational resource lands |
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Llewellyn Park, Orange, N. J., 1853 - response to industrialization / pollution, resistance to diversity on rr to nyc alexander jackson davis (des) subdivided land with common parks, gated/fenced dramatic picturesque landscape |
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Riverside, Illinois, 1868 Riverside Improvement Company, developer • Olmsted & Vaux, designers RR, radical change from dominant chicago grid roadways as parkways, sidewalks curves pacing, pre infrasxred |
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Ebenezer Howard • Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, 1898 • Garden Cities of Tomorrow, 1902 TOWN+COUNTRY scale: major city greenbelt satellite cities ZONING |
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Letchworth, England, 1904 - first garden city • Garden City pioneer Company, dev • Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, planners & designers |
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Forest Hills Gardens, NY, 1911 - first garden city in U.S. • Russell Sage Foundation, dev • Grovesnor Atterbury, arch • Olmsted Bros., land arch • Covenants, Codes, and Restrictions NOT TRYING TO ATTRACT INDUSTRY, along RR broken grid protection from thru traffic segregation |
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paris |
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Beaux Arts City Plans
• Baron Eugene Haussman's Plan for Paris, 1854-89 • Ecole des Beaux Arts (named 1863 with origins in 17th century) -growded ^^^growth infrasxr problems---> standardized urban tree lined boulevard PAVED nightlighting 1899 grand expo eiffel |
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chicago |
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worlds columbian expo 1893 Daniel Burnham w. FLO |
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dc |
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CITY BEAUTIFUL mvmtdc poor drainage/infrasxr McMillan Plan for Washington D.C., 1905 (National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 1928) |
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Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, NY, 1929-28 • City Housing Corporation, dev • Henry Wright & Clarence Stein, planner & arch • Marjorie Sewell Cautley, land arch green perimiter, greenspace, commercial open space safe children play |
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Radburn, New Jersey, 1927-29 • City Housing Corporation, dev • Henry Wright & Clarence Stein, planner & arch • Marjorie Sewell Cautley, land arch back footways olmstead central park motorway system(hyde) |
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eclectic estate gardens |
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country place gardens - borrowing from different cultures/eras design traditionsexplosion of new horticultural varieties --> greenhouses (BRITAIN)upper classes industrialization--> mass produced glass GREENHOUSES |
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wardian case: glass plant suitcase - minimalizes negative effects of travel - COLLECTION |
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love of very brightly colored flowers |
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bedding out (flower design)gardenesque style |
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auburban houses for middle class britain--> naturalistic or geometric gardens??????? |
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Bloomfield-Robinson Debate |
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Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) – architect Edwin Lutyens BRITAIN
• herbaceous border COLOR+TEXTURE, worldwide species • Munstead Wood, her own house • Hestercombe, Somerset, 1906, client Hon. E.W. Portman - islamic runnel, italian arbor, efflourescently planted swirly |
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Beatrix Jones Farrand (1872-1959)AMERICA
• Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D. C., 1923-1933 clients Mildred and Robert Bliss, architect Lawrence White -eclectic pieces taken for their forms, loosening up of geometry farther from house, seasonal color(contrast w evergreen), entertainment garden
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modernist design |
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picasso/cubist artists - abstractionMies van der rohe german pavillion: pure, abstract, basic, industrially produced materials, flowing spacecolr, zigzag, grading, abstraction |
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woodlands cemetery stockholm, sweden - 1915 asplund+lewerenze fundamental abstraction - industrial site restoration / reforestationaustere, straight paths |
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Donnell garden, Sonoma county, ca 1948 THOMAS CHURCHkidney shaped pool, set within existing oaktrees, lawn, minimal seasonal colorbiomorphic forms inspired by forms of spontaneous ecologyindustrially produced materials (steel reinforced concrete walks, pool house etc) |
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brazil |
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Roberto borle marx - painting with plantsMontiero garden |
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Luis Barragan
• Plaza y Fuentes del Bebedero de los Caballos, Las Arboledas, Mexico City,1959 brimful pool, 2 vertical walls, eucalyptus, light/shadowplay |
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Luis Barragan Salk Institute,La Jolla, CA, with architect Louis Kahn, 1959 façade to the sky, austere abstract, aesthetically startling, engaging NO reality of everyday use |
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paley park - zion&breen 1967 |
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z |
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ira keller fountain portland 1965-70lawrence halprinimmersion: recreation of sierra/cascae mtn |
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richard haag 1970s, puget soundhistory as industrial plant incorporated on site bioremediation1st postindustrial alndscapeno just façade follies eng landscape!!!!! |
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tanner fountain - harvar campus - peter walker 1984 mist steam |
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vietnam veterans memorial |
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dccontains all names of casualtiesmaya linpolished chevron black granitetactile warm |
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