Do You Know These AP Human Geography Vocab Flashcards

Annexation legally adding land area to a city in the United States Apartheid Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas Balkanization Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts around its ethnicities Border Landscape the complex representation of the environment around that area Boundary Disputes Definitional conflict over the language of the border agreeement in a treaty or boundary contract Boundary Disputes Locational focus on delimitation or demarcation of boundary Boundary Disputes Operational arises due to a conflict about the administration of a boundary Boundary Disputes Allocational focus on baoundaries (especially on the sea floor0 while in search of resources Boundary Origin Antecedent boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed Boundary Origin Subsequent boudnary evolved as the cultural landscape of an area took shape Boundary Origin Superimposed boundary that is forcibly drawn across a unified cultural landscape Boundary Origin Relic A border that has ceased to function but whose imprints are still evident of the cultural landscape Boundary Process Definiton the beginning point and the end point of a process Boundary Process Delimitation is the term used to describe the drawing of boundaries, but is most often used to describe the drawing of electoral boundaries, specifically those of precincts, states, counties or other municaipalities Boundary Process Demarcation the act of setting and marking limits or boundaries Boundary type Natural/Physical important physical features on Earth's surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen, both on a map and on the ground. The three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between states: mountains, deserts, and water Boundary Type Ethnographic/cultural, geometric the boundaries between some states coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion. Other cultural boundaries are drawn according to geometry; they simply are straight lines drawn on a map, although good reasons alwasy exist for where the lines are located. Boundaries between countries have been where possible to separate speakers of different languages or followers of different religions. A nation-state exists when the boundaries of a state match the boundaries of the territory inhabited by an ethnic group. Problems exist when the boundaries do not match Buffer State a relatively small country sandwhiched between two larger powers. The existence of them my help to prevent dangerous conflicts between powerful countries Capital principle city in a state or country. The best place to locate it is at the center of a country so it is somewhat equal distance from all parts of the counrty Centrifugal forces that tend to divide a country Centripetal forces that tend to unite or bind a country together City-State a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland Colonialism attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural prinicples in another territory Confederation a form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose Conference of Berlin the metting of European powers in 1884-85 resulting in the Berlin Treaty and the partition of Africa into colonies of the attending nations Core/periphery refers to the center, heart, or focus. In a nation-state, this area is the heartland with the largest population cluster, the most productive economy, the area with the greatest centrality and accessibility, and probably cantains the capital city as well Decolonization the action of changing from colonial to independent status Devolution the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the ventral government Domino Theory the idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) an area from the shore in which a state has rights to explore, exploit, and manage natural resources in the seas Electoral regions the different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions Enclave any small and relatively homogenous group or region surrounded by another larger and different group or region Exclave a bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state ethnic conflict conflict between ethnic groups that struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense European Union international organization comprised of Western Euorpean countries to promote free trade among members Federal an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government Forward capital capital city positioned in actually or potenially contested territory, usually near an international border; it confirms the state's determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention frontier a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control Geopolitics the study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur Gerrymander the designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular political party or candidate Global Commons those parts of our environment abailable ot everyone but for which no the atmoshper, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries Heartland/rimland hypothesis proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world Immigration states a type of reciving state which is the target of many immigrants; popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity international organization an alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination Iron Curtain an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy; a political barrier that isolated the people of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to trabel outside the region Irredentism a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country Landlocked a stae that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes law of the sea law establishing states' rights and responsibilites concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources Halford J Mackinder was an English geographer and is considered one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy manifest destiny the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean Median-line principle statement in UNCLOS declaring that when there is not enough water for each country on o0pposite sides of the sea to have 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone, the two or more countries involved will divide the water evenly microstate a state that encompasses a very small land area ministate an imprecise term for a territory, extremely small in both area and population nation tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes national iconography figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secualr; more broadly, the art of representation by picutres or images, which may or may not have a symbolic as well as an apparent or superficial meaning nation-state a cuntry whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity nunavut an arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit Rasion d'etre reason for being; the purpose that justifies a thing's existence reapportionment the process of a reallocation of elecctoral seats to deifined territories regionalism a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas religious conflict conflicts between religions that has often resulted in bloodshed reunification the unification of something that was previously divided; used especially of a country satellite state national state that is economically dependent and poitically and militarily subservient to another--in its orbit, figuratively speaking self-determination the right of a nation to govern itself autonomosly shatterbelt a large, strategically located region that is occupied by a number of conflicting interests of adjoining Great Powers; a zone of chronic political spilintering and fracturing sovereignty supreme or independent political power state a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community stateless ethnic groups ethnic groups that share certain cultural, political, and/or historic qualities, such as religion, location, or art, but do not share enough qualities to be recognized as a nationality/nation and have no state(homeland) that is politically recognized as belonging to them stateless nation a nation that does not have a state suffrage the right to vote supranationalism a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives territorial disputes any dispute over land ownership territorial morphology compact a country in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly territorial morphology fragmented a country that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory territorial morphology elongated a country with a long, narrow shape territorial morphology Prorupt an otherwise compact country with a large projecting extension territorial morphology perforated a country that completely surrounds another state territoriality in political geography a country's or a more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its desire to keep it inviolable and strongly defended Theocracy a state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of a group of religious leaders treaty ports a port kept open for foreign trade according to the terms of a treat, especially formerly in China, Korea, and Japan UNCLOS (United National Convention on the Law of the Sea) is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which took place from 1973 through 1982 unitary a state governed constitutionally as a unit, without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers USSR collapse the primary causes were political and economic and they were result of the culture of war Women's enfranchisement the right of women to vote; exercise of the franchise by women NA NA