Blood Lab Part 2- Urine, Etc.

what does a urine physical exam include -gross exam -macroscopic what are the 4 methods of urine collection -void -manual expression -catheterization -cystocentesis what are some advantages and disadvantages of the urine void collestion method -least traumatic -not easiest to obtain (especially if the dog is short, if. Bassets) -contamination is a problem -not sterile what are some advantages and disadvantages of the urine manual expression collection method -used for dogs that can't get up/walk/go to the bathroom on their own -possibility of a bladder rupture -potential for hematuria -not sterile -can have contaminates what are some advantages and disadvantages of the urine catheterization collection method -can be used on dogs that can't get up -can obtain more squamous epithelial cells due to the scraping of epithelial cells of the lower urinary tract -relatively sterile -decreased chance of contamination -easy to do on males what are some advantages and disadvantages of the urine cystocentesis collection method -preferred for culture -best for microbiology -true bladder sample -ultrasound guided is best -sterile if performed correctly (cleaned with surgical prep) -remove the needle before placing in sample tube or culturette -may need to use an ultrasound to do what should you do when you have collected the urine (the amount that you collected) the quantity/volume of urine that was collected needs to be noted in what type of bowl should a voided urine method be collected in a sterile bowl if urine is placed in the fridge, what should you do before evaluating it let the urine come to room temperature before evaluating it -keep some urine aside in case the doctor wants to send some out for a culture how much urine do you need to collect -at least 6 mls -ideally: 10 mls -preferred: 12-15 mls what is the most important thing when it comes to the urine collection and evaluation be consistent in your clinics what can the color of urine be affected by -dyes in foods -drugs -blood -hgb what are the 7 different colors that urine can be -light yellow -med yellow -red -brown -orange (from drugs) -green (from drugs) -white (pus or UTI) what are the different classifications of urine turbidity/transparency -clear -cloudy -flocculent (make sure the urine is put into a clear container so it isn't mistaken for cloudy) what is the normal specific gravity of urine for a dog? cat? dog: 1.001- 1.060 cat: 1.001- 1.080 (no units because it is a ratio) what does the specific gravity of urine mean it is the ratio of the weight of a volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distailled water -it is an indicator of the concentration of dissolved material in the urine what does isothenuria mean -it is when the kidneys can't form urine with a higher or lower S.G than that of protein free plasma -it is fixed because of the damage to the nephrons -1.008- 1.012 what does it mean if the specific gravity remains the same -the kidneys are not concentrating the urine -the urine S.G is not changing (isothenuria) -do serial S.G checks to make sure that it is a true isothenuria what can an increased specific gravity of urine mean -higher concentration of urine -fluid loss -dehydration -shock -acute renal disease -diarrhea what can a decreased specific gravity of urine mean -chronic renal failure -diabetes insipidus -pyometra -fluid overload -diuretics what does anuria mean -absence of urine -suppression of urine formation -ex: antifreeze patient what does cystitis mean inflammation of urinary bladder what does dysuria mean difficulty or painful urination what does glomerular filtrate mean the fluid that passes from the blood through the glomerus what does glomerular nephritis mean a form of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the renal glomeruli and no bacteris -nephritis marked by inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney and no bacteria what does hematuria mean blood in the urine (intact RBC's) what does hemoglobinuria mean hemoglobin in the urine (from lysed RBC's) what does isothenuria mean a fixed S.G 1.008- 1.012 due to damage to the nephrons what does myoblobinuria mean excretion of protein from the muscle breakdown in urine what does nephritis mean -inflammationof the kidney -any of various acute or chronic inflammation of the kidneys what does oliguria mean -decreased urine output or volume -seen with very dangerously low blood pressure and shock what does polyuria mean -increase in urine volume -ex: PU/PD patient will urinate large volumes what does pollakuria mean -increase in frequency of urination -ex: a blocked cat may be trying to urinate often, but only small amounts of urine comes out (straining cat) what does pyelonephritis mean inflammation of kidney with bacteria what does pyouria mean pus in urine (neutrophils) what does glucosuria mean -blood glucose reaching the renal threshold and epinephrine release -usually seen with diabetes mellitus (DM) what does proteinuria mean -protein in the urine -seen with strenuous exercise, hematuria and glomerular disease what is the preffered time to collect a urine sample -in the morning (first urination of the day) -it is more concentrated -the most representative sample within how much time after collecting a urine sample should it be evaluated within 30 minutes if a urine sample is refrigerated, how much time can you evaluate the sample in up to 6-12 hours -try to do a gross and chemical exam before refrigeration what chemical can be used to preserve a urine sediment -a drop of formalin -only a sediment can be preserved -a gross and chemical exam must be done first before adding the formalin what are some changes that can occur to the urine if it is allowed to sit at room temperature for to long -the urine is decomposing -the pH changes -the glucose decreases -the bilirubin oxidizes -crystals can change (they can disappear or new ones can form) -casts can disintegrate -amount of bacteria increases -the RBC's can lyse when performing a urine chemical evaluation, what does it mean if you see proteins -a trace can be ok -if persistent it could be a sign of renal disease -can be caused from hematuria, strenuous exercise or glomerular disease -both acute and chronic renal disease can cause proteinuria -it can be pre renal or post renal -can also be caused from diet, drugs, sperm or anything that contains protein when performing a urine chemical evaluation, what does it mean if you see ketones -found in urine when carbohydrate metabolism has been replaced with fat metabolism -the body is unable to use carbohydrate glucose for energy so it starts using stored fat -occurs with starvation and DKA (diabetic ketoacidotic patients) -can be seen in unregulated diabetic cases -ketones are a byproduct of a substance that is made when your body breaks down fat for energy when performinga urine chemical evaluation, what does it mean if you see glucose -the renal threshold has been reached (170-180 BG at least has been reached) -common reason is diabetes mellitus -other reasons: epinephrine release, acute pancreatitis, cushing disease and stress (especially in cats) when performing a urine chmeical evaluation, what does it mean when you see urobilinogen -not very accurate -has to do with the patency of the bile duct -more often used in human medicine -it is a bile pigment, a product of bilirubin -reasons: possible liver disease or hemolytic states -greyhounds tend to have false positives on a urine chemical evaluation, what can affect the pH level the pH level tends to vary depending on the diet, fever, dehydration and diabetes mellitus (DM) what does acidic mean a pH less than 7 what does alkaline mean a pH more than 7 what does a neutral pH mean a pH of 7 what can an increased protein diet do to the pH of urine it can cause an acidic pH what can an increased carb diet do to the pH of urine it can cause an alkaline pH when performing a urine chemical evaluation, what does it mean if you see blood (hematuria) -a few RBCs are often seen in normal dog and cat urine -can indicate hemorrhage, uroliths, trauma, parasites, estrus or infection what does it mean if you see hemoglobinuria when performing a urine chemical evaluation -it can be an intravascular hemolysi (differentiate by evaluating the sediment), heat stroke, anti-freeze, shock, AIHA, liver disease or snake venom what does it mean if you see myoglobinuria when performing a urine chemical evaulation -it is the muscle breakdown -seen in hemolytic blood diseases and bile duct obstructions -working horses that have Monday morning disease after having a day of rest on Sunday can have myoglobinuria (their muscles show signs of wasting "Rhabdomyolysis") -the history can be very improtant in these cases -myoglobin is basically the oxygen carrying pigment of muscle what does it mean when you see bilirubin when performing a urine chemical evaluation -it is bile pigment -can be a sign of: liver disease, biliary obstruction -common of liver flukes in felines (eating lizards) -not normally seen in felines -the threshold is higher in cats what does it mean if you see nitrite during a urine chemical evaulation -normal urine contains little to no nitrite -bacteria converts to nitrite when present in a UTI -nitrite is the reduced form of nitrate and is not found in urine -nitrite can be produced by some bacteria so this can be used as a screening for detection of bacteria what can the odor of urine be affected by disease process what are the different types of odor that urine can be -normal -malodorous -ammoniacel -acetone -strong -pungent -sweet (DKA) -putrid (bad -UTI) how long should urine be centrifuged for - 3 to 5 minutes - at 1200 to 1500 rpms -at school we do 3 minutes at 1200 rpms after urine has been centrifuged, what are the two items you get in the urine tube -supernate (top portion) -sediment (bottom portion) after you have spun the urine, how do you make a urine slide to examine -pour (decant) the supernate (top portion of the urine) -resuspend the sediment remaining in tube -place a drop of the sediment onto a glass slide with a coverslip how do you view a urine sediment on the microscope -scan on low power (10x), looking for clumps of cells and casts -then examine on high power (40x) -low light/ low condensor -observe at least 10 fields -report in #/HPF (except for crystals and bacteria) if any casts are found, how should they be recorded -preferably amount seen per low power field (#/LPF) how are any cells or other items found during microscopic examination of urine reported amount per high power field ( #/ HPF) what do RBC's appear like in urine (under the microscope) -biconcave, crenated or swollen -concentrated urine tends to have crenated cells and dilute urine has swollen RBCs why might you see RBCs in urine under the microscope -they can originate from anywhere in the urinary system -could be from cystocentesis -could be old blood or new blood in the system what is the normal amount of RBC's that should be seen in urine under the microscope -5 or less / HPF (depending on how urine was obtained) -if seeing 5 or more /HPF, then the chemical strip should also be positive -quantitate by # / HPF (use ranges) why might you see WBCs in urine under the microscope -can originate from anywhere -you will see neutrophils (have nucleaus and granules) what is the normal amount of WBCs you will see in urine under the microscope -5 or less WBC /HPF (depending on how urine was obtained) -quantitate by # /HPF (use ranges) what does it mean if the urine has increased protein but only a few wbc's and rbc's -indicates renal issues -can mean a glomerular problem what does it mean if the urine has increased protein levels and increased rbc's and wbc's -could be inflammation in the kidneys -inflammation of the urinary bladder - or can be both what does it mean if the urine has normal protein levels but increased rbc's and wbc counts -can indicate a UTI most likely from the bladder is it normal to see epithelial cells in urine on the microscope yes, it is normal to see an occasinal epithelial cell depending on how the urine was obtained what are the types of epthelial cells you may see in urine -squamous -transitional -renal what do squamous epithelial cells look like? where do they come from? -large, flat cells -could look like a burrito (folded, small nuclei) -originate from the distal 1/3 of the urethra, vagina or prepuce -primary source is the urethra -is the largest epithelial cell what do transitional epithelial cells look like? where do they come from? -smaller than squamous cells -round to pear shaped or caudate -have larger nucleus -twice as big as a WBC -always note clumping or atypical cells (very important) -originate in the bladder or 2/3 or the urethra what do renal epithelial cells look like? where do they come from? -small, round cell with large nucleaus -larger than WBC but smaller than transitional cells -orginate from the kidney what does an increased number of renal epithelial cells indicate tubular damage how should any type of cells in urine be quantitated # / HPF -occasional, too numerous to count (tntc) -wall to wall (w to w) what should you note if you don't see any RBC's, or WBCs or epithelial cells in your urine slide don't right zero, write "none seen" (NS) from smallest to largest, list the cells you will see in urine -rbc -wbc -renal epithelail -transitional epithelail -squamous epithelail what is crystalluria and what can it be caused by -it is crystals in the urine -it is caused by the mineral compounds that make up the crystals what mineral compunds make up crystals found in urine -magnesium -ammonium -phosphate (these in particular make up the struvite crystal) what are crystals caused by precipitation of solutes, salts and organic compounds what are crystals affected by -pH -diet -concentration -drugs what dog breed is predisposed to having an excess amount of uric acid that leads to crystals dalmation what are crystals dependent on pH what crystals are most often seen in acidic urine (less than 7 pH) -calcium oxalate -amorphous urates -uric acid -cystine -tyrosine -leucine what crystalsare most often seen in alkaline urine (more than 7 pH) -triple phosphate/ struvite -amorphous phosphate -ammonium biurate (can be pathological) which urine crystal can be seen in al three types of pH (acidic, alkaline and neutral) calcium oxalate crystal what are the most common pathologic crystals that are seen in urine -tyrosine -leucine -cystine what can the pathologic crystals indicate liver disease how are crystals found in urine quantitated - +/++/+++ - slt/few/ many -occansonal, tntc, w to w what can cause crystalluria antifreeze poisoning what are the different types of casts you can find in urine -hyaline -cellular -granular -waxy what are casts and how are they formed? -casts are molds made of protein, clumping cells and materials with proteins -they are formed in the lumen of the tubules of the kidney -they are called casts because they reflect a cast of the renal tubular lumen what does a hyaline cast look like and what does it mean if you see one in urine -clear, colorless, transparent -small numbers can be seen in normal urine -increased numbers can be significant -the hyaline cast is where all the casts originate from what does a cellular cast look like and what does it mean if you find one in urine -include WBC and RBC casts and fatty casts -WBC can indicate infection or inflammation of renal tubules -RBC can indicate renal bleeding (could be from trauma or inflammatory lesion) -fatty can be made of fat droplets (seen more in cats with renal disease) -epithelial casts can indicate acute nephritis -these lead to granular casts what do granular casts look like and what does it mean if you find one in urine -casts become coarse and fine granular -start off granular and the longer they are in the kidney the more fine they become -can indicate acute nephritis -fine granular casts are the stage before waxy what do waxy casts look like and what does it mean if you find one in urine -not very common -have square ends -most severe cast -indicates chronic and severe degradation of renal tubules -indicates chronic tubular lesions or damage -end stage of renal disease what should you do if you see a cast? a fragment of a cast? -quantite #/LPF -if you see fragments they should be quantitated and identified what is a broad cast a wide cast that can resemble any type of cast (hyaline, cellular, granular or waxy) what type of bacteria can you find in urine -rod -cocci -chains (report as +/++/+++) what other organisms can you find in urine -yeast and other fungal organisms -fat droplets -sperm -microfilaria -parasites what is capillaria plica -a bladder worm ova -ingested from eatting earth worms, food or water contaminated -adults lay eggs in bladder and then they are passed into urine what is dioctophyma renale -kidney worm ova -transmitted from eating worms, frogs and fish -adults inhabit the kidney, eggs passed into urine what are other material (from outside the body) that can be found in urine -pollen -debris -hair -parasites from outside collection (bugs) what does a gross urine examination include -odor -color -turbidity -S.G how can you tell the difference between hematuria and hemoglobinuria spin down urine, if all the red collects at the bottom, then it is hematuria; if the urine stays red throughout, then it is hemoglobinuria what are the 2 things that are quantitated by pluses (+/++/+++) when found in urine -crystals -bacteria and sperm what method of urine collection is prefered for culture and sensitivity cystocentesis what does it mean if your chemstrip is positve for RBC's but know are present in the urine when evaluated you have hemoglobinuria what is the S.G of distilled water 1.000 what indicator pads on the chemstrip are unreliable in urine -S.G -nitrite -leukocytes what are the 4 things that make up a complete urinalysis -gross exam -S.G -biochemical analysis (chemstrips) -sediment exam what can clumping of transitional epithelial cells in a urine sediment indicate transitional cell carcinoma what can bilirubin crystals indicate liver issues in what type of pH would you see amorphous material acidic urine what does pollen look like in urine -mickey mouse -pine cone ammonium biurate ammonium biurate (thorny apple) amorphous urate bilirubin crystal calcium oxalate capilliaria plica cystine dioctophyma renale dioctophyma renale fat droplets leucine rbc's rbc's struvite (triple phosphate) tyrosine wbc wbc what should a normal canine RBC look like biconcave disc shaped with a central pallor what should a normal feline RBC look like disc shaped with no central pallor what does poikilocytosis mean a variation in cell shape (furthur identify the shape if possible) what does anisocytosis mean a variation in cell size what is macrocytosis and what is it a sign of -a larger than normal cell -it is a sign of immaturity what does polychromasia mean a variation in cell color what does it mean if a cell has a darker color it is more immature what is hypochromasia and when will you see it -it is a decreased amount of hemoglobin -there will be an increase in size of the central pallor -normally seen in chronic anemias what are howell jolly bodies nuclear remnants in RBC's what are NRBC's immature RBC with a retained nucleus what is basophilic stippling and when would you see it -a RBC with many small blue dots -you will see it in regenerative bovine blood -also in lead poisoning in dogs/cats along with inappropriate NRBC response what are heinz bodies and when would you see them -they are denatured hemoglobin -seen in acetaminophen, vit K and toxin cases what are stomatocytes and when would you see them -a RBC with a slit or mouth like clear opening -see in dogs with chronic anemias what are echinocytes and when are they seen -a cell with evenly spaced projections -speculated RBC's -see in crenation and rattle snake bites what are acanthocytes and when are they seen -a spur cell with uneven projections -seen in dogs with hemagiosarcomas what are spherocytes and when are they seen -are small, dense, round RBC's -seen in IMHA cases what are schistocytes and when are they seen -fragmented RBC's -seen in DIC, hemangiosarcoma and vasculitis what are target cells and when are they seen -also called leptocytes and codocytes -they have a target in the middle of the cell -seen in a variety of conditions and in normal dogs what are barr cells and when are they seen -also called leptocyte and codocyte -have a dark bar in the middle of cell -seen in liver disease what ia a dacrocyte a tear drop shaped cell what are retics and what type of stain is used to see them -retained organelles (ribosomes) -new metheyne blue stain (supravital) (aggregate= >5 [ more than 5] and punctate = <5 [less than 5] humidity what is another term for NRBC metarubricyte what is babesia canis and babesia gibsoni -parasites that infect RBC's and produce hemolytic anemia -transmitted by the brown dog tick -seen commonly in greyhounds -tick borne disease babesia canis babesia canis what is mycoplasma -a blood parasite also known as Hemobartonella -it is transmitted by fleas and occasionally by ticks -it can lead to FIA (feline infectious anemia) -seen as rods, rings or cocci -will fall off in EDTA -cyclic and usually secondary (has to be tested for multiple times because you may not see it the first time you test for it) mycoplasma mycoplasma what is cytoxzoon felis -a protozoal parasite that can cause fatal disease in cats -transmitted by the amblyomma americanum tick (lone star tick) -seen more in big cats (tigers, cougars, etc) -only seen in cats cytauxzoon felis if your not sure if it is rouleaux or agglutination, what should you do perform a saline agglutination test what does agglutination usually mean -it is autoimmune -indicates IMHA what are distemper inclusion bodies -large aggregates of viral particles -can form in RBC, WBC and epithelial cells what is a corrected WBC count and why do we perform one -it is a formula that gives us a corrected WBC count from the machines total -we do it when we see more than 5 NRBC's when performing a differential -we do this because the machine is counting the NRBCs as WBC's, so we need to get an accurate WBC count -formula: (WBC count x 100) / (100 + NRBC's counted) = corrected WBC count mm3 what is anaplasma and what species does it affect -a blood parasite -transmitted by the tick -it affects cattle what is another name for tropical pancytopenia ehrlichia canis (an inclusion found in WBC) how is ehrlichia canis transmitted brown dog tick what are the signs of a toxic neutrophils (DBVG) -basophilia (most indicative of toxicty) -dohle bodies -vacuolization (foamy) -giantism what are some examples of degenerate neutrophils -karyorrhexis -karyolysis -pyknosis when will you see degenerate neutrophils -often seen in tissue cytology -not seen in peripheral blood what does a reactive lymph look like (reactive cell) has a royal blue cytoplasm what can cause a reactive lymph -infectious agent -neoplasia -immune mediated what does a reactive lymph look like (plasma cell) -has an eccentric nucleus -peri nuclear clear zone -trailing blue cytoplasm what do atypical lymph look like they have cleaved nucleus what does reactive monocytes look like -intensely basophilic vacuolated what can a reactive monocyte indicate chronic inflammatory process what is a left shift -immature cells -increased number of band neutrophil what is the difference between a regenerative and degenerative left shift -regen: bands with neutrophilia (increase of neutrophils) -degen: bands with neutropenia {decrease in neutrophils} (the bands out number the segs) what is a right shift - hypersegmented neutrophils - usually due to aging - more than 5 lobes in the cell -can be associated with steriods when does neutrophil toxicity occur -when they are released too early what is a dohle bodie -a bluish cytoplasmic inclusion of a neutrophil -made up of retained aggregates -this is a toxic change when will you have a left shift when you have an absolute count of 300 or more band neutrophils what is the maturation of a erothrocyte -stem cell -rubriblast -prorubricyte -rubricyte -metarubricyte (NRBC) -polychromatophil (retics) -red blood cell what is the maturation of a WBC -stem cell -myeloblast -promyelocyte -neutrophilic myelocyte -neutrophilic metamyelocyte -band neutrophil -segmented neutrophil a big cell equals what an immature cell why do we use saline in a direct fecal exam it is an isotonic solution which allows for movement what are we looking for on a direct fecal -bacteria -protozoa -ova -motility/ movement what can be seen moving on a direct smear -giardia -motile bacteria on what power do you view a direct fecal smear -scan on low -then on high power (40x) on what power do you view a fecal float on low power (10x) what are you looking for on a fecal float ova what are the 2 types of fecal floats and which one is preferred -standard and centrifuge -prefer centrifuge because it forces more of the heavier eggs (ova) to rise why do we do a fecal sedimentation it helps find heavier ova -ex: liver flukes (platynossum fastosumm ova) and lung flukes how long after you make a direct fecal smear should you look at it immediately what is a Baermann apparatus -a large sedimentation apparatus -used mainly for large animals to find different stages of larvae what is pancreatic insufficiency -it is a maldigestion problem -can be congenital or acquired -the patient lacks digestive enzymes -the patient can't dogest it's own fats, proteins and carbs how do you test for pancreatic insufficiency -TLI -trypsin like immunoassay test what does the feces of a patient with pancreatic insufficiency look like -big -greasy -pale, greasy and voluminous what power do you view a fecal sedimentation on low power (10x) what power do you view fecal cytology on -scan on high power (40x) -identify on oil what is the scientific name for the hookworm ancylostoma caninum what is the scientific name for the roundworm -toxocara cati -toxocara canis what is the scientific name for the whipworm trichuris vulpis what are the scientific names for the tapeworm -dipylidium caninum -taenia pisiformi what is the scientific name for coccidia isospora canis what solution do we prefer to use on fecals because it causes less distortion zinc sulfate solution how is a standard fecal float performed -take 2 to 3 grams of feces (1 teaspoon) -mix in tube with zinc sulfate -place a coverslip on top -let sit for 10-15 minutes how is a centrifuge fecal float performed -take 2 to 3 grams (1 teaspoon) -mix in tube with zinc sulfate -place a coverslip on top -centrifuge for 5 minutes @ 1000-1500rpm -let stand 10 minutes what patients do we perform a direct fecal on -on puppies and kittens -patients with diarrhea what types of patient's would you perform a fecal sedimentation on on an icteric cat (to check for liver flukes) howell jolly bodies heinz bodies heinz bodies basophillic stippling basophillic stippling NRBC / metarubricyte NRBC / metarubricyte cytauxzoon felis mycoplasma haemocanis mycoplasma haemofelis babesia babesia how can you tell if the mycoplasma is canis or felis -feline: has small dots on the border of RBC -canine: has rods on border of RBC how can you tell the difference between a lymphocyte and a NRBC -lymphocyte: sky blue cytoplasm less than in amount than nrbc -nrbc: cytoplasm will be similar in color to surrounding RBC's and the nucleus will be darker with looser chromatin structure mycoplasma PAHN humidity reticulocytes nrbc polychromasia which breed of dog will typically have degranulated eosinophils greyhounds how is a direct fecal smear performed -place a drop of saline on a slide -add a very small amount of fresh stool -place a coverslip over it -read immediatly and check for motility -should be 50% / 50% of rods and cocci what are you looking for on a direct fecal smear -motility -clostridium -spirochetes -giardia clostridium how is a fecal cytology performed -very thin amount of feces from rectal scraping -apply with cotton swab on slide -air dry and diff quick how is a fecal sedimentation performed -mix 2 grams of feces and soapy water -strain through gauze -pour into centrifuge tube and centrifige for 3 to 5 minutes -pour off liquid (like urine sediment) -pipette small amountof sediment onto a slide and add coverslip what type of test is the McMasters Technique -used in zoos -parasite load -mainly used on hoofstock -it is a QUANTITATIVE TEST -similar to unopette McMasters Technique Baermann Technique baermann apparatus why do we do baermann techniques -it is a sedimentation technique -used for large animals what parasite causes ocular larva mirgrans roundworm (toxocara cati/ canis) what parasite causes cutaneous larval mirgrans hookworms (ancylostoma caninum) roundworm (toxocara cati/canis) roundworm (toxocara cati/canis) hookworm (ancylostoma caninum) hookworm (ancylostoma caninum) whipworm (trichuris vulpis) whipworm (trichuris vulpis) tapeworm (dipylidium caninum) tapeworm (dipylidium caninum) tapeworm (dipylidium caninum) coccidia (isospora canis) coccidia (isospora canis) giardia giardia giardia cyst what part of the cell do dohle bodies appear in the cytoplasm what part of the cell does degenerative neutrophil changes take place in in the nucleus in what part of the cell does toxic neutrophil changes take place in in the cytoplasm what is the scientific name for the liver fluke platynossum fastosumm liver fluke (platynosomum fastosum) what are the four signs of regeneration -polychromasia -anisocytosis -howell jolly bodies -NRBC what do you look for in a fecal direct and cytology bacteria, yeast -must quantitate (+,++,+++) what do you look for in a fecal float and sediment ova what are the two protozoan intestinal parasites seen in feces -coccidia (isospora canis) -giardia what is the S.G of most floats 1.200-1.250 g/ml what is rhe S.G of most parasite ova 1.100-1.200 g/ml what does melana mean the passing of dark, black, tarry feces if a patient has frank blood in their stool, where are they bleeding from? what is it called? -it is when fresh, bright blood is passing in the stool -bleeding from the lower GI (probably the colon) -it is called "hematochezia" if a patient has dark, black, tarry blood in their stool, where are they bleeding from? what is it called? -bleeding from the upper GI -called "melana" what might a cat look like if they have mycoplasma -they are anemic -they are weak, pale, and sometimes icteric due to the loss of blood ehrlichia morulae what is the best test to find whipworms centrifuge floatation what is the best test to find roundworm floatation what are some tests that are used to find liver flukes direct and sedimentation what does it mean if you see retics it indicates regeneration