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Three main points of Cell Theory |
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1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cell are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3) Living cells come only from other living cells |
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A cell's size is limited by its ______. |
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Surface area to volume ratio |
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What must a cell be large enough to do? |
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a) hold its organells
b) perform chemical reactions |
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What must a cell be small enough to do? |
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Have enough surface area to supply its volume with nutrients |
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Surface area equation |
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length X width X number of surfaces |
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Volume equation |
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length X width X height |
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Surface area to volume ratio equation |
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surface area
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volume |
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As a cell grows, what happens to its surface area to volume ratio? |
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It decreases |
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A cell cube has 3cm/side, what is its:
1) surface area
2) volume
3) Simpliest ratio |
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1) 54cm2
2) 27cm2
3) 2:1 |
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When a cell grows and it's S.A. to V.R. decreases, what effects does this have of diffusion? |
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Diffusion decreases and becomes less efficient |
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When a cell divides, what happens to its surface area and volume?
Why? |
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They decrease causing the ratio to increase and diffusion rate to increase.
Because the volume decreases more in comparision to the surface area |
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Is cell division beneficial to the rate of diffusion? |
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Yes |
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How big is a prokaryote cell? |
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2 - 8 micrometers
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Does a prokaryote cell have a nucleus? |
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No |
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Where is DNA located in a prokaryote cell? |
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In the cytoplasm |
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Does a prokaryote cell has a cell wall? + |
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Yes, non-cellulose |
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Are there organelles in the prokaryote cell? + |
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A few, but they are nonmembranous |
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Is there mobility in a prokaryote cell? Flagellum? |
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Yes, there is one or more flagellum. |
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What are the features of a bacillus cell? |
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a) rod shaped
b) areobic (needs oxygen)
c) often occurs in chain |
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What are the features of a cuccus cell? |
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a) spherical
b) occurs singular, paired or chains of clusters |
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What re the features of a spirrillum cell? |
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a) spiral shape |
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Gram positive's cell wall & stain |
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Peptidoglycan
Blue/purple |
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Gram negative's cell wall & stain |
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Peptidoglycan & lipopolysaccharide
Red/organge |
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Facilitated transport goes from _____ to _____ concentration.
Why is it a passive transfer?
Involves? |
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High to low
Because no energy is needed, only a protein carrier
Embedded proteins in bilayer |
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Active transport goes from _____ to _____ concentration.
Why is ATP required?
Involves? |
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Low to high
Because solute must travel against concentration
Pumps |
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What are the special proteins on bilayer called? |
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Pumps |
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What does APT stand for? |
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Adenosine Triphosphate |
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Endoctosis:
Does not involve/cannot enter what?
Qualitative size of molecule that cannot fit though?
What happens? |
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Protein channels
Large
They fuse to outer surface of the plasma membrane, the membrane indents and he molecule is absorbed. |
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What is phagocytosis? |
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Cell eating - white blood cell engulfs and digests a pathogen |
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What is pinocytosis? |
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Ingestion of liquid |
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What is exocytosis? |
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Process by which a cell will expel a molecule it has made
Secretory vessicle containing a large molecule fusus with the interior of the plasm membrane and expels it contents from the cell. |
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What is the nucleus composition? |
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Double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Porous (nuclear pores)
Semifluid interior nucleoplasm
Unique pH
Chromatin (long strands of DNA) |
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What is the function of the nucleus? |
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DNA: contains genes (recipe) for protein synthesis
Process called transcription |
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Where is the nucleolus found? |
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Inside the nucleus |
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What is the composition of the nucleolus? |
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Dense mass of rRNA, ribosome subunit proteins |
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What is:
rRNA
tRNA
mRNA |
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ribosomal ribonucleic acid
transfer ribonucleic acid
messenger RNA |
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What is a ribosome? |
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the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells |
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In what cells is the nucleus found? |
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Plant and animal cells |
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In what cells is the Ribosome found? |
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Plant, animal and prokaryotes cells |
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What does rER stand for? |
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rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Where is the ribosome located? |
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a) studded on the exterior surface of rER
b) cytoplasm-free ribosomes |
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What is the composition of the ribosome? |
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Two subunits:
- one smaller than the other
- each with a unique mix of proteins |
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What is the function of the ribosome? |
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Work bench for sythesis of the polypeptide chain (1*) |
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What is the process of the ribosome? |
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Translation |
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What is DNA's special feature and role? |
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SF: genetic information
R: template for mRNA synthesis during transcription |
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What is mRNA's special feature and role? |
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SF: codons
R: sequences of 3 RNA bases (codon) complementary to DNA |
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What tRNA's special feature and role? |
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SF: anticodon
R: sequence of 3 RNA bases (anticodon) complentary to mRNA codon |
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What is rRNA's special feature and role? |
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SF: ribosome
R: site of polypeptide synthesis during translation |
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What is amino acid's special feature and role? |
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SF: building block of proteins
R: transported to ribosome by tRNA during translation |
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What is protein's special function and role? |
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SF: macromolecule essential to life
R: amino acid joined in a specific and predetermined order by DNA |
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Where are the endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) found? |
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In plant and animal cells |
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Where is the rough endoplasmic reticulum located? |
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Nuclear envelope |
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What is the compostion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Membranous
Interconnected tubes/sacs
outside surface studded with ribosomes
Inside fluid filled with protein enzymes
20 - 40 levels of proteins |
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Where is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum located? |
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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How is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum composed? |
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Membranous interconnected tubules
No ribosomes |
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What are the 5 functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? |
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1) synthesis of lipids
2) produces testosterone and estrogen
3) in liver cells produces enzymes for detox
4) in muscle stores calcium
5) synthesis transport vessels to golgi apparatus |
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In what cells is the golgi apparatus found? |
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Plant and animal cells |
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What is the location of the golgi apparatus? |
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Between the rER and sER and plasma membrane. |
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What is the composition of the golgi apparatus? |
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Membranous
Series of flat sacs
Vacules "bubbling" |
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
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Packaging and receiving secretion:
Receive from rER: protein and a sugar (glyoprotein)
Reveives from sER: lipid and adds a sugar (glycolipid)
Synthesis lysosomes |
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In what cells are the lysosomes found? |
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Animal cells |
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Where is the lysosome located? |
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Cytoplasm |
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What is the composition of the lysosome? |
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Membranous vacuole
Contains digective enzymes |
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What are the 4 functions of the lysosome? |
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1) digestion: enzymes digest carbs, lipids, protein and nucleic acid
2) defence: white blood cells engulf pathagens
3) cell clean up: digest old organelles
4) embryonic function: digest webbing between fingers and toes in embryo |
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In what cells are the vacuoles found? |
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In the plant and animal cells |
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What is the composition of the vacuoles? |
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Membrane bound various sizes and functions |
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In what cells is the peroxisomes found? |
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Plant and animal cells |
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What is the composition of the peroxisome? |
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Membrane vacuole containing many enzymes |
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In what cells are the mitochondria found? |
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Animal and plant cells |
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Where is the mitochandria located? |
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Cytoplasm |
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What does the mitochandria look like? |
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7 micrometers length, bean shape brown |
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What is the composition of the mitochondria? |
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Double membrane
Outer membrane: porous
Inner membrane: porous, enfolded
Cristae: individual folds
Intermembrane space: between outer and inner membrane, watery enzymes
Matrix: jelly-like fluid; contain ribosomes, oxygen, enzyme and DNA
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What is the function of the mitochondria? |
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Site of cellular respiration: glucose to ATP
ATP synthesis |
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What are the unique features of mitochondria? |
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a) ability to reproduce/divide
b) liver cell & muscle fiber: greater than 1000 mitochondria per cell |
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In what cells is the cytoskeleton found? |
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In the plant and animal cells |
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What does the cytoskeleton of a cell consist of? |
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Protein fibers forming a thick network with the cytoplasm |
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What are the primary functions of the cytoskeleton? |
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Framework, support, movement of organelles and anchoring organelles are in place. |
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What are 3 types of proteins of fibers which make up a cytoskeleton? |
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1) microfilament
2) intermiate filaments
3) microtubules |
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Microfilament |
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- small fibersof actin protein
- found in muscle tissue and account for muscle cantraction
- functions in cell division by the formation of the cleavage furrow during telophrase |
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Intermediate filaments |
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- slightly larger diameter than microfilaments
- consists of fibrous proteins |
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