Biology 1 Honors Final Exam Review

During his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin made many observations -in England -in N America -in S America -in Asia -in S America In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that -the human population will outgrow the available food supply -all populations evolve through natural selection -Earth is very young -gradual geological events in the past could explain the physical features of today's Earth. -gradual geological events in the past could explain the physical features of today's Earth. WHen a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is -natural selection -artificial selection -artificial variation -survival of the fittest -artificial selection Charles Darwin's observation that finches of different species on the Galapagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finch species -have grown larger since Darwin's visit -acquired traits through use and disuse-all eat the same type of food. -originated from a common ancestor -originated from a common ancestor Which of the following statements best describes the findings of Rosemary and Peter Grant's study of the Galapagos finches? -Finches with large beaks always outcompete finches with small beaks -Small finches reproduce more successfully than large finches -Food availability affected beak size -Beak size among finches did not affect reproductive success -Food availability affected beak size The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is called -Timing isolation -Geographic isolation -Behavioral isolation -Genetic equilibrium -Geographic isolation A factor that keeps species separate is -Reproduction at different times -Incompatible reproductive structures -Different mating behaviors -All of the above -All of the above The length of time required for half of the radioactive isotope in a sample to decay is its -Half-life-Relative date -Radioactive date -Geologic time scale -Half-life In the past, mass extinctions encouraged the rapid evolution of surviving species -By changing developmental genes-By providing new opportunities for them -Because they killed all organisms that had evolved together-Because they spared all organisms that had evolved convergently -By providing new opportunities for them One way master control genes, or homeotic genes, could have affected evolution is -By causing mutations in other genes-Through small changes in timing during embryonic development -Through the evolution of species -By leading to convergent evolution -Through small changes in timing during embryonic development Which of these labels for fossils in a museum display contains an error? -Dinosaur (MIddle Mesozoic) -Early Mammal (Middle Paleozoic) -Early Human (Late Cenozoic) -Early Marine Invertebrate (Early Paleozoic) -Early Mammal (Middle Paleozoic) An analysis of derived characters is used to generate a -fossil record -phylogenetic tree based on DNA structure -cladogram -traditional classification system -Cladogram What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms? -the relative importance of each derived character -The order in which derived characters evolved -the general fitness of the organisms analyzed -All traits of each organism analyzed -The order in which derived characters evolved Organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea were previously grouped in a kingdom called -Anamalia -Fungi-Monera -Eukarya -Monera Which of the following is not found in bacteria? -cell wall -membrane-bound nucleus -ribosome -plasma membrane -membrane-bound nucleus Unlike Bacteria, Archaea -have cell walls -are prokaryotes -have two plasma membranes-are thought to be closely related to eukaryotes -are thought to be closely related to eukaryotes A virus's DNA or RNA is surrounded by a(n) -protein coat -nuclear membrane -tail -endospore -protein coat Many cases of food poisoning are caused by bacterial -toxins-decomposition -resistance to antibiotics -sterilization -toxins Bacteria are sometimes called nature's recyclers because they -undergo conjugation -break down nutrients in dead organisms -can switch between respiration and fermentation -carry out photosynthesis -break down nutrients in dead organisms Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all plants -are eukaryotic -have cell walls -produce seeds -are multicellular -produce seeds Seed-bearing plants differ from all other plants in that -they have vascular tissue -they do not have a gametophyte generation -their gametes do not require water for fertilization to occur -all of the above -their gametes do not require water for fertilization to occur Scientists hypothesize that the specialized reproductive structure that evolved most recently is the -seed-pollen grain -ovary -gametophyte -ovary An example of a monocot is a -moss -lily -fern -pine tree lily Which term below is least closely related to the others? -leaf-seed-ovary-pollen -leaf Which of the following includes a plant embryo, a food supply, and a protective covering? -pollen grain -spore-seed-gametophyte -seed In bryophytes, haploid reproductive cells are produced by the -haploid stage -diploid stage -gametophyte and sporophyte -all of the above -all of the above In liverworts, the sporophyte is produced by a structure shaped like a(n) -leaf -heart -liver-umbrella -umbrella Which group of plants produces seeds that are "naked"? -bryophytes -pteridophytes -gymnosperms -angiosperms -gymnosperms The presence of flowers and outer protective coatings of the seeds distinguishes -club mosses from mosses -angiosperms from gymnosperms -two classes of angiosperms -seed plants from seedless plans -angiosperms from gymnosperms In angiosperms, reproduction takes place in -leaves-flowers -cones-pollen -flowers The non-reproductive parts of a flower are the -carpel and stamens -filaments and anthers -stigma and style -sepals and petals -sepals and petals THe tough outer layer of a seed is called the -seed coat -fruit -nut -embryo wall -seed coat A ripened ovary that contains seeds is called a(an) -embryo-seed-fruit-vegetable -fruit Which type of plant lives the longest? -annual -biennial -perennial -none of the above -perennial What fruit-eating animal likely would ensure the widest dispersal of a plant's seeds? -rat -raccoon -bird -squirrel -bird THe early growth stage of a plant embryo is called -fertilization -dormancy -germination -pollination -germination Tree rings result from yearly activity in the -heartwood -vascular cambium -bark -cork cambium -vascular cambium In an angiosperm, pollen grains are produced in the -stigma -filament-carpel -anther -anther During germination of many monocots, the developing shoot is -preceded by a protective sheath -protected by a hooked shoot tip -replaced by the cotyledon -covered by the first pair of leaves -preceded by a protective sheath In angiosperms, xylem consists of tracheids and -sieve-tube members -companion cells -vessel elements -parenchyma cells -vessel elements There is a one-way movement of water and minterals into the vascular cylinder of a root because -water molecules are in high concentration in the root's outer layer. -nutrients are in low concentration in the roots outer layer. -the roof pressure is low-the endodermis has waxy cell walls -the endodermis has waxy cell walls When a plant moves its sugars from its leaves to its roots, the sink is the -leaves-roots -stems -same as the source -roots When a carnivorous plant captures and digests insects, the most important result is that it gains additional -oxygen -nitrogen -potassium -phosphorus -nitrogen The stomata of leaves are usually open in -light if a plant has enough water -light if a plant has too little water -darkness if a plant has enough water-darkness if a plant has too little water -light if a plant has enough water Which of the following is the source of most of a plant's mass? -water-air -soil -none of the above -none of the above (the actual answer was the stem, I believe) Which of the following is NOT one of the three mineral nutrients most commonly deficient in farm and garden soils? -calcium -phosphorus -nitrogen -potassium -calcium Both roundworms and rotifers have -radial symmetry -complete digestive tract -segmented body -gastrovascular cavities -complete digestive tract Organisms that spend their entire adult lives attached to one spot are said to be -sessile -heterotrophic -flagellated -symmetric -sessile A key characteristic of multi-cellular organisms is -highly specialized cells -interdependent layers -multiple cell layers -all of the above -all of the above A person who has trichinosis likely contracted it from -walking barefoot on soil infested with Trichinella worms -eating undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts -mosquitoes -coming in contact with Trichinella-infested snails -eating undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts The fastest, most agile mollusks are the -gastropods-cephalopods -bivalves-rotifers -cephalopods Some type of body symmetry is found in all invertebrates EXCEPT -cnidarians -echinoderms -sponges -flatworms -sponges A "rotating wheel" of cilia surrounds the mouth of a -planarian -starfish -sea anemone -rotifer -rotifer Typical primitive arthropods such as trilobites had bodies that were composed of -many segments -three segments -one segment -no segments many segments The body of an insect is divided into a -head and thorax -head and cephalothorax -head, thorax, and abdomen-cephalothorax and abdomen -head thorax and abdomen Which insect is NOT classified in the same order as the others? -ants -crickets -bees -wasps -crickets How many pairs of legs are there on most body segments of a centipede -one -two -five -six -one Which of the following is NOT a likely reason for the evolutionary success of insects? -the ability to fly has enabled insects to colonize new habitats -Insects as a group are not very diverse because there are relatively few species-Insects use many sense organs to respond to stimuli -Many insects have a life cycle in which the young are very different from adults. -Insects as a group are not very diverse because there are relatively few species Which arthropod does NOT belong with the others? -isopod -barnacle -shrimp -copepod -shrimp Which modern-day arthropods are most similar to fossil trilobites -dragonflies-fiddler crabs -horseshoe crabs -praying mantises -horseshoe crabs Which of the following structures are missing from many salamanders that live on land? -lungs-kidneys -legs -eyes -lungs Blood flows through the body of a fish in a -single-circuit open circulatory system -single-circuit closed circulatory system -double-circuit open circulatory system -double-circuit closed circulatory system -single-circuit closed circulatory system Modern jawless fishes include -sharks -skates -lampreys -lungfishes -lampreys Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most amphibians? -they live on land as adults -they breathe with lungs as adults -they have moist skin that contains mucus-secreting glands-they have scales and claws -they have scales and claws A four chambered heart is found in -lizards -snakes-turtles-alligators -alligators The structure of a bird's heart ensures that -oxygen-rich blood never mixes with oxygen-poor blood -oxygen-rich blood is always pumped to the lungs-oxygen-poor blood is always pumped to the body -oxygen-poor blood never enters the heart -oxygen-rich blood never mixes with oxygen-poor blood Which of the following vertebrates has a heart with four chambers? -salamander -lizard-goldfish -cow -cow Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood undergo the least mixing in the heart of a -crocodile -turtle -snake-lizard -crocodile Which of the following is NOT a function of skin -helps regulate body temperature -protects internal organs -contracts and relaxes muscles-helps prevent infection -contracts and relaxes muscles Which of the following is NOT part of the integumentary system? -skin -cartilage -nails-hair -cartilage The main function of the skill is to -produce blood cells -protect the heart and lungs-house and protect the brain -act like a lever for muscle attachment -house and protect the brain Where is the cardiac muscle tissue located in the body? -heart -ribs -skull-bones -heart Which of the following produce keratin -epidermal cells -sweat glands-adipose tissue cells -hair follicles -hair follicles What are the two layers of the skin? -keratin and dermis -epidermis and melanin -epidermis and dermis -melanin and keratin -epidermis and dermis Which of the following is a protein that makes up hair and nails? -sweat-melanin -collagen -keratin -keratin What is the skeleton of a newborn baby mainly composed of? -bone-cartilage -bone marrow -collagen -cartilage Where is the protein called actin located in the body? -marrow -thin filaments -myosin filaments -hair -thin filaments When an action potential reaches the end of a neuron at a chemical synapse, it triggers the release of -neurotransmitters -sodium ions -dendrites-receptors -neurotransmitters The division of the nervous system that helps the body react to pain is the -somatic nervous system -sensory division -autonomic nervous system -sympathetic division -somatic nervous system What types of drugs generally slow down the activity of the central nervous system? -stimulants -depressants -opiates -cocaine -depressants Which divisions of the peripheral nervous system transmits impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system? -sensory -motor -sensory and motor -spinal cord -sensory division Which of the five senses uses two types of photoreceptors called rods and cones? -vision -hearing-smell -taste -vision Painful withdrawal symptoms can occur when a drug user attempts to stop using -opiates -cocaine-inhalants -marijuana -opiates Alcohol does each of the following EXCEPT -slow CNS activity -stimulate heart rate -impair judgement -disrupt coordination -stimulate heart rate Where does the process of chemical digestion begin? -stomach -esophagus -small intestine -mouth -mouth A calorie is the amount of energy needed to -raise the temperature of the body by 1 degree celsius -raise the temperature of 1 g of fat by 1 degree celsius -raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree celsius -none of the above -raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree celsius What does mechanical digestion in the stomach involve? -absorption of nutrients by villi -pepsin and bile -muscle contractions -bile and pancreatic fluid -muscle contractions What is the correct direction of blood flow? -right atrium--> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery -right atrium -->left atrium --> pulmonary artery -left ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> aorta -left ventricle--> left atrium --> aorta -right atrium--> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? -regulate filtration -distribute hormones-transport nutrients-fight infections -regulate filtration The function of valves in the heart is to -stimulate the heartbeat -accelerate the flow of blood -prevent the backward flow of blood -serve as a cushion to prevent friction -prevent the backward flow of blood When infection occurs, the number of -RBC increases -RBC decreases -WBC increases-WBC decreases WBC increases Which of the following is not contained in tobacco? -carbon monoxide -caffeine -nicotine -ammonia -caffeine The germ theory of disease states that infectious diseases are caused by -toxins -pathogens -heredity -materials in the environment -pathogens The body's nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include -antibiotics -mucus, sweat, and tears -antibodies -T cells -mucus, sweat, and tears The inflammatory response can cause -permanent immunity -pain, swelling, and redness -antibodies to bind to antigens -T cells to attack infected cells -pain, swelling, and redness Humoral immunity originates from -T cells -NK cells -B cells -macrophages -B cells An infectious disease is one that is caused by -heredity -materials in the environment -pathogens -an organ transplant -pathogens Which of the following is NOT a step in identifying the pathogen that causes a specific disease? -the pathogen should be found in the body of a healthy organism -the pathogen should be isolated and grown in a pure culture -the purified pathogens should cause the same disease in a new host -the pathogen should be isolated from the second host -the pathogen should be found in the body of a healthy organism A person who has received a vaccine against polio -is able to produce antibodies against polio -is more susceptible to the polio virus than someone who has not had the vaccine -has polio antibodies in the bloodstream -has anti polio killer T cells in the bloodstream -is able to produce antibodies against polio Which of the following presents a risk of spreading HIV? -abstaining from sex -sharing a needle -kissing someone on the cheek -using a sterile needle to receive a medical injection -sharing a needle Dialysis processes blood outside the body and -carries urine to the urinary bladder -pumps blood throughout the body -returns filtered blood to the body -forces water into cells and tissues by osmosis -returns filtered blood to the body Which gland fails to produce enough of its hormone in the disease diabetes mellitus? -adrenal -hypothalamus -pancreas -parathyroid pancreas Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron -urethra -tubule -glomerulus -Bowman's capsule -urethra What percentage of the filtrate's water that enters the Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed into the blood? -99-80-50-less than 25 -99% In the kidneys, both useful substances and wastes are removed from the blood by -reabsorption -excretion -dialysis -filtration -filtration When the hypothalamus detects a decreased solute concentration in the blood, it directs the kidneys (through the pituitary) to -excrete less urine -return more water to the blood by filtration -return more water to the blood by reabsorption -return less water to the blood by reabsorption -return more water to the blood by reabsorption During the menstrual cycle, high levels of LH cause the -corpus luteum to disintegrate -follicle to release a mature egg -uterine lining to detach from the uterus -the lining of the uterus to thicken -follicle to release a mature egg Which hormones stimulate sperm production -FSH and testosterone -estrogens -androgens -testosterone and progesterone -FSH and testosterone What is the result of gastrulation? -a blastocyst -a zygote -the amnion -three cell layers -3 cell layers Which of the following is NOT a function of the female reproductive system? -to produce eggs -prepare the body to carry an embryo -deliver sperm -release eggs into the oviducts -deliver sperm Which organ system is responsible for making and delivering sperm? -female reproductive system -endocrine system -nervous system -male reproductive system -male reproductive system Which of the following are required for fertilization to occur inside the female body? -sperm must swim into an oviduct -an oocyte must be present in an oviduct -the nucleus of a sperm must fuse with an oocyte nucleus -all of the above -all of the above the placenta connects the -fetus to mother's uterus -ectoderm to endoderm -umbilical cord to mother's vagina -uterus to cervix fetus to mother's uterus Which cell structure contains the cell's genetic material? -organelle -nucleus -cell envelope -cytoplasm nucleus Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration? -glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle -Krebs cycle, electron transport, glycolysis -glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport -Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transport -glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport Cellular respiration is an aerobic process because it requires -light -exercise-oxygen -glucose oxygen Which of the following is a phase of mitosis? -cytokinesis -interphase-prophase-s phase -prophase Variation in human skin color is a result of -intermediate inheritance -codominance-polygenic inheritence -multiple alleles polygenic inhereitance RNA contains the sugar -ribose -deoxyribose-glucose-lactose ribose