A&P 2 Quiz "Digestive System" Flashcards

The alimentary canal of a living person is longer or shorter than a cadaver? Why? Shorter, due to muscle tone What are the accessory digestive organs? (3) What are the accessory digestive glands? (3) Organs: Teeth, tongue, gall bladder Glands: Pancreas, Liver, Salivary Glands Which of the accessory glands/organs lie outside the GI tract? Gall bladder and all the glands (pancreas, liver, salivary) the processing of food involves what 6 essential activities? Ingestion, Propulsion, Mechanical Digestion, Chemical Digestion, Absorption, and Defecation Propulsion process of alternating waves of contraction and relaxation Peristalsis What are the 4 parts of Mechanical Digestion? Chewing (Teeth), Mixing (Tongue), Churning (Stomach), Segmentation (Sm. Intestines) Rhythmic local constrictions of the small intestines that mixes food with digestive juices, increasing the efficiency by different food parts over the intestinal walls Segmentation Series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down by enzymes beginning in the mouth and essentially ending in the small intestines Chemical Digestion What is the major absorptive site? Small Intestines passage of digested end products from the lumen through mucosal cells and into the blood via active or passive transport Absorption Elimination of indigestible substances Defecation only the ______ ingests and only the _____ defecates Mouth / Large Intestines Name one organ in the alimentary canal found in the thorax Esophagus What is the usual site of ingestion? Mouth (in a healthy person) What essential digestive activity actually moves nutrients from the outside to the inside of the body? Absorption burning, radiating substernal pain that occurs when acidic gastric juice regurgitates into the esophagus Heartburn Heartburn is the first symptom of __________ Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Obesity, pregnancy, running, and eating/drinking to excess can all lead to ___________ Heartburn Heartburn for runners Runner's Reflux A structural abnormality most often due to an abnormal relaxation or weakening of the gastroesophageal sphincter which causes the superior part of the stomach to protrude slightly above the diaphram Hiatal Hernia Hiatal hernias are a common cause of ________ Heartburn when a hiatal hernia allows gastric juices to enter the esophagus, this can occur (in sequential order of direness) (3) Esophagitis / Esophageal Ulcers / Esophageal Cancer How can one avoid or prevent Hiatal Hernias? Avoid late-night snacks and use antacids Inflammation of the stomach wall Gastritis Persistent damage to the underlying tissues within the stomach can promote _______ (2 names) Peptic Ulcers or Gastric Ulcers (when in stomach) The danger posed by ulcers is ________ followed by _________, and perhaps ________ Perforation of Stomach wall / Peritonitis / Massive Hemorrhage Symptoms include gnawing epigastric pain that seems to bore through your back Gastric Ulcers NSAID stands for ________ NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (such as Ibuprofen) For years the cause of ulcers was thought to be from __________, which cause high acid or low mucos secretion Alcohol, Aspirin, Coffee, NSAIDs, Smoking, Spicy Food, Stress 90% of ulcers are the work of this corkscrew-shaped bacteria Helicobacter Pylori of the people infected with Helicobacter Pylori, what % are infected with ulcers. What protects the rest? 10-20%..... with 80-90% protected by antimicrobial activity of gastric mucin. Mucin Glycoprotein constituent of Gastric Mucus that protects against Helicobacter Pylori in 80-90% of individuals What evidences seems to disprove the bacterial causal theory of Helicobacter Pylori and Gastric Ulcers? It is found in 50% of healthy people too. How do chemicals help Helicobacter Pylori do their 'dirty work' ? (4) 1. lower HCL production/release Ammonia (neutralizer) 2. Cytotoxin that damages epithelium 3. Proteins that damage adhesion of epithelium cells to each other 4. Proteins that attract Macrophages promoting inflammation Detection of H. Pylori is done how? Breath Test How is Helicobacter Pylori treated? Two-week course of antibiotics, and anti-Histamines to block Histamine's inflammatory effects. Non-infectious ulcers are caused by what? and treated how? Long-term use of NSAIDs and treated with H2 blockers (Tagamet or Zantac) What structural modification of the stomach wall underlies the stomach's ability to mechanically digest food? 3 layers of smooth muscles (in different directions) that pummel food 2 substances secreted by cells of the gastric glands are needed to produce the active enzyme Pepsin. Pepsinogen and HCl (to activate it) What 3 characteristics make the mucousal barrier so effective? Thick Alkalai Mucus & Tight junctions & Quick replacement of Dead/Dying Epithelial cells of mucosa what is the major vehicle for cholesterol excretion from the body? Bile What keeps cholesterol dissolved for elimination? Bile Salts Too few bile salts or not enough bile leads to what? Cholesterol crystalization or Gallstones Cholesterol Crystalization is known as Gallstones the medical term for Gallstones Biliary Calculi Treatments for Gallstones (4) Drugs (dissolving) / Ultrasound (Pulverizing) / Lasers (Vaporizing) / Surgery (removal) Medical term for Ultrasound treatment of Gallstones Lithotripsy What happens with a gallstone? How/ Where does it cause pain blocks bile duct preventing bile salts and bile pigments from entering intestine. When bladder/duct contract, sharp crystals cause pain that radiates to right thoracic region. result of gallstones which causes yellow bile pigment to accumulate in the skin Obstructive Jaundice yellow pigment deposited in the skin is considered to be ____, and can be a sign of what two conditions? Jaundiced / Gallstones or Liver Disease Enzyme needed for digestion of Lactose lactase What causes dificiency of intestinal lactase in some people when it is present at birth? Genetic factors Lactose intollerance causes what to occur in the digestive tract? (2) 1. Osmotic gradients that prevent water absorption and pulls water from interstitial space INTO intestines resulting in diarrhea. 2. Bacterial metabolism of undigested lactose creates large amounts of gas (bloating, cramping pain) How do you treat Lactose Intollerance? Introduce Lactase (drops or tablets) bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain can be a sign of what two malabsorption syndromes? Lactose Intollerance or Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy (Celiac Disease) An Immune system reaction to gluten where complexes activate T Cells which attack the intestinal lining. (2 names) Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy or Celiac Disease