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What do enzymes do? |
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Enzymes control/promote metabolic reactions. |
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What is an anabolic reaction? |
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An anabolic reaction is when larger molecules are made from smaller ones (building) and they require an input of energy. |
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What happens in a catabolic reaction of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins? |
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In catabolic reactions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, a water molecule is needed to break them apart and is called hydrolysis. |
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What is a catabolic reaction? |
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Catabolic reactions are when molecules are broken down into smaller molecules and these reactions release energy. The energy is stored in bonds. |
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What happens in an anabolic reaction of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins? |
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In anabolic reactions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, a water molecule is 'split' out (is part of the products reaction) and is called a dehydration synthesis. |
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Fill in the blank:
Energy required to get a reaction started is called . |
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Energy required to get a reaction started is called activation energy. |
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How do enzymes serve to lower the activation energy of a reaction? |
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Enzymes serve to lower the activation energy of a reaction by weakening the bonds of the substrate molecule. |
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What are substrates? |
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Substrates are the substances that enzymes act on and the active site of the enzyme is where the substrate binds. (lock and key analogy) |
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Fill in the blank:
are specific. |
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Enzymes are specific. For example enzyme 'x' helps substrate 'a' become product 'b'. it will not help any other reaction. |
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What do cofactors do? |
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Cofactors serve to activate the enzyme (the helper's helper) and they are either minerals or coenzymes. |
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What can alter enzymes? |
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Heat, radiation, electricity, chemicals, and extreme pH values can alter enzymes. |
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What is the goal of cellular respiration? |
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The goal of cellular respiration is to release the energy stored in the bonds of molecules (from the food we consume) in the form of ATP. |
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What are the phases of cellular respiration? |
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The phases of cellular respiration are: glycolysis, processing of pyruvic acid, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system. |
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What is the form of energy used by our cells? |
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The form of energy used by our cells is ATP (adenosine triphosphate); the bonds between the phosphate molecules contain HUGE amounts of energy. |
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What is the definition of energy? |
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Energy: the capacity to change matter or to move something. |
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How do we realese the energy in ATP? |
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We release energy in ATP by breaking off a phosphate (making it ADP). |
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How do we recycle molecules? |
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To 'recycle' molecules, we can add a phosphate back on to ADP to turn it back into ATP. |
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What happens in glycolysis? |
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In glycolysis, ONE glucose molecule eventually makes 2 pyruvic acids. |
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Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen (therefore it is considered ANAEROBIC) |
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What are the products of glycolysis? |
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The products of glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid, and 2 NADH + H+. |
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What happens if oxygen is not present after pyruvic acid is formed? |
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If oxygen is not present after pyruvic acid is formed, pyruvic acid will form lactic acid through anaerobic respiration. |
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What happens if there is oxygen present? |
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If there is oxygen present, the pyruvic acid will go through the Krebs cycle. |
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What does pryuvic acid turn into after the process? |
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The processing of pyruvic acid means it is turned into acetyl co enzyme A (acetyl CoA for short). |
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What is the products of 'pyruvic processing'? |
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The products of 'pyruvic processing' is 2 acetyl co A, 2 Co2, and 2 NADH+H+. |
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Where does the citric acid cycle occur? |
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The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria. |
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In the citric acid cycle, what is the start molecule (citric acid) made from? |
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In the citric acid cycle, the start molecule (citric acid) is made from oxalocetic acid and acetyl coA. |
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What is produce from each citric acid molecule? |
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For each citric acid molecule, there are ONE ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 produced. |
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What is the net gain in the citric acid cycle? |
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REMEMBER: that from glycolysis, we produced 2 pyruvic acids, so the NET GAIN in the citric acid cycle is DOUBLING, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2. |
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Fill in the blank:
The molecules that go to the electron transport chain are and . |
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The molecules that go to the electron transport chain are NADH+H+ and FADH 2. |
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Throughout these processes, how do we produce ATP? |
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Throughout these processes we produce ATP in two ways:
1. Directly: from reactions in glycolysis or citric acid cycle.
2. Indirectly: by creating molecules, NADH and FADH2, that get sent to the electron transport chain to make ATP. |
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Fill in the blank:
For every NADH+H+ are produced. |
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For every NADH+H+ 3 ATP are produced. |
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Fill in the blank:
For every FADH2 are produced. |
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For every FADH2 2 ATP are produced. |
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What is the enzyme used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP? |
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In the electron transport center, ATP synthase is the enzyme that is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. |
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Fill in the blank:
is the molecule that accepts the final electrons from the ETC. |
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Oxygen is the molecule that accepts the final electrons from the ETC. |
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What is the net gain of ATP for anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)? |
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The net gain of ATP for anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) is 2 ATP. |
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What is the net gain for aerobic respiration (citric acid+ETC)? |
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The net gain for aerobic respiration (citric acid+ETC) is 36 ATP. |
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What is the total ATP produced from ONE glucose molecule? |
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The total ATP produced from ONE glucose molecule (in most cells) is 38 ATP. |
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What is the idea of rate limiting step? |
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The idea of rate limiting step is if we are producing too much product, it tends to stop the 'pathway' from producing more by inhibiting an early step. |
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What is the rate limiting step an example of? |
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The rate limiting step is an example of negative feedback. |
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If we produce too much ATP what will our glucose molecules be stored as? |
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If we are producing too much ATP our glucose molecules will be stored as GLYCOGEN or FAT!(when we need these again, we can 'pull them out of storage'). |
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Can proteins be used as energy? |
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Proteins CAN be used as energy, but first, they must be broken into amino acids, then 'deaminated' in the liver, then they enter the citric acid cycle. |
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Can fats be used as energy? |
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Fats CAN be used as energy, but first must be seperated (hydolyzed) into 'the glycerol backbone and fatty acid chain'. |
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How much ATP does one fat molecule produce? |
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One Fat molecule produces 144 ATP, much more than one glucose! |
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Fill in the blank:
is common to all three pathways (proteins, fats, and carbs). |
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Acetly co A is common to all three pathways (proteins, fats, and carbs). |
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