Bacteria

Bacterial cells are what type of cell? Prokaryotic Where do you find bacteria? Everywhere - in the air you breathe, in the food you eat, in water, deep in the ocean, on and in your body. What are the two types of cells? Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Why are bacteria prokaryotes? They have no true nucleus. Organelles in bacteria are surrounded by membranes. What is the nuclear material of a bacterial cell made up of? One or more circular chromosones. bacteria have cell walls and cell membranes and also contain ribosomes. Bacteria are grouped into what two kingdoms? Eubacteria and Archaebacteria What is special about cyanobacteria, a type of eubacteria? It contains chlorophyll which enables it to make its own food. It obtains energy from the sun by photosynthesis. Most eubacteria do not make their own food. How do most eubacteria get their food? Most do not make their own food. Some break down dead organisms to obtain energy. Others live as parasites, and absorb nutrients from living organisms. What do cyanobacteria contain that enables them to make food? chlorophyll What is the size difference between bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells? Bacterial cells are much smaller. They are about the size of a mitochondrion or chloroplast found in eukaryotic cells. Name the parts of a bacterial cell. It contains cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and wall. Bacterial chromosomes are located in the cytoplasm. Some bacteria have a thick, gel-like capsule around the cell wall. Many have a whiplike tail called flagella. What is flagella? A whip like tail to help the bacteria cell move. What are the three basic shapes of bacteria? Spheres, rods and spirals What are cocci? sphere shaped bacteria What are bacilli? Rod shaped bacteria What is spirilla? Spiral shaped bacteria How does the gel-like capsule help the bacteria cell to survive? It helps it stick to surfaces. It might float freely in the air and in water currents. Many that live in moist conditions have flagella. Which is the largest bacteria kingdom? Eubacteria. It contains many organisms that are hard to clasify. All bacteria except archaebacteria are considered eubacteria. Eubacteria is also known as true bacteria. What are the two main bacteria groups? Eubacteria that has gram positive, cyanobacteria, proteobacteria, spirochetes and chlamydias. Archaebacteria has extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles and methanogens. What is cyanobacteria? Cyanobaceria is a eubacteria that is a producer. They make their own food using carbon dioxide, water and energy from sunlight. It contains chlorophyll and another pigment that is blue. This pigmnet combination gives cyanobacteria the common name of blue-green bacteria. Some cyanobacteria are red, yellow or black. All species of cyanobacteria are one celled. Cyanobcertia can live in long chains or filaments called colonies. Cyanobacteria are important for food production in lakes and ponds. How did the Red Sea get its name? The Red Sea has red cyanobacteria. Why is cyanobacteria important? Cyanobacteria is important for food production in lakes and ponds. Since it makes food from carbon dioxide, sunlight and water, fish in a healthy pond can eat cyanobacteria and use the energy released from that food. Explain how cyanobacteria can die? When large amounts of nutrients enter a pond the cyanobacteria increase and produce a matlike substance called a bloom. Resources are consumed and the cyanobacteria die. Bacteria feed on them and use up all the oxygen in the water. The fish and other organisms die. What is fission? How bacteria reproduce. Fision produces two cells with genetic material identical to that of the parent cell. It is the simplest form of asexual reproduction. Where do most bacteria live? In a place where there is a supply of oxygen. What is the difference between an aerobe and anaerobe? An aerobe is an organism that uses oxygen for respiration. An anaerobe is an organism that has variations that allows it to live without oxygen. What kind of bacteria live in a mineral hot spring? Anaerobes Where are archaebacteria found? In extreme conditions such as hot springs, salty lakes, muddy swamps, the intestines of cattle and near deep ocean vents where life exists without sunlight. Archaebacteria live in conditions that may resemble conditions of early earth. How is archaebacteria divided up? Into three groups based on how they get their energy: Methanogens, Halophiles and thermophiles. Methanogens use carbon dioxide for energy and produce the methane gas that bubbles up out of swamps. The extreme halophiles live in salty environments like the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake. Thermophiles live in hot areas like in a deep sea vent. Thermophiles live where? The archaebacteria that lives in hot areas like a deep sea vent. Halophiles live where? Halophile archaebacteria live in salty environments - Dea Sea or Great Salt lake - some need a salty habitat ten times saltier then where seawater will grow. Methanogens live where? They live in swamps and marshes for the carbon dioxide. Halophiles, Methanogens and Thermophiles get their energy from: Salt, Carbon Dioxide and Heat Name foods made with bacteria that are edible? cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, vinegar What is a saphrophyte? An organism that uses dead material as a food or energy source. They digest dead organisms and recycle nutrients so they are available for other organisms. What would earth be like without saphrophytes? Without saphrophytes, there would be no layers of dead material deeper than you are tall. What is pasteurization? It is aprocess of heating food to a temperature that kills harmful bacteria. It is used in the food industry - mainly for milk. It is named after Louis Pasteur. What is bioremediation? The use of living microorganisms to change pollutants into harmless compounds. Archaebacteria and eubacteria are the main organims used in bioremediation efforts. How is bacteria helpful? It can aid in recycling nutrients, fix nitrogen or help in food production. It can break down harmful pollutants. How is bacteria harmful? It causes diseases in organisms it infects. What is a way of cleaning up an ecosystem using bacteria to break down harmful compounds? Bioremediation What do bacterial cells contain? DNA What do bacteria that make their own food have? Chlorophyll Are most bacteria beneficial or not beneficial? Beneficial What is an organism that decomposes dead organisms? Saphrophyte What is a structure by which some organisms move? Flagella What is the heat resistant structure in bacteria? Endospore What is a substance that can prevent, not cure, a disease? Vaccine What is any organism that produces disease called? Pathogen What is the name of rod shaped bacteria? Bacilli What structure allow bacteria to stick to surfaces? Capsule What causes blooms in ponds? Cyanobacteria How are nutrients and carbon dioxide returned to the envirionment? Saphrophytes What is caused by a pathogenic bacterium? Strep throat Which organisms do not need oxygen to survive? Anaerobes What are the advantages of bioremediation? It can be done at the site of the pollution, costs less than traditional methods and is more effective long term. Bacteria is beneficial because? Some are used in food production, it changes nitrogen in the air to a form useful for plants and it is the source of some medicines. Extremophiles or "lovers of the extreme" are what type of bacteria? Archaebacteria What are the characteristics of bacteria? Bacteria cells are prokaryotic - cellsare very small - organelles in baceria are not surrounded by membrane - move using flagella. Bacteria is grouped into two kingdoms - eubacteriaand archaebacteria. Most do not make their own food. They have three basic shapes - spheres, rods and spirals. How do aerobic and anaerobic organisms differ? Aerobic organisms use oxygen for respiration. Anaerobes are able to live without oxygen. How do bacteria reproduce? Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process known as fission. A mat of cyanobacteria is found growing on a lake with dead fish floating along the edge. What has caused these events to occur? There was a bloom of cyanobacteria because of large amounts of nutrients. When the nutrients were consumed the cyanobacteria died. Other bacteria feed on them and use up all the oxygen in the water. As a result the fish die. Why are saphrophytes helpful and necessary? They are helpful because they use the dead material for food and they help maintain nature's balance. Saphrophytes also recycle nutrients, so they are available for use by other organisms. Without them the earth would be covered in layers of dead material. Why are nitrogen fixing bacteria important? They change nitrogen from the air into forms that are useful for plants and animals. They need nitrogen for making proteins and nucleic acids. What makes penicillin an effective antibiotic? Penicillin prevents bacteria from making cell walls. Without a cell wall, the bacteria dies. Why is botulism associated with canned foods and not fresh foods? Botulism endospores must be exposed to heat for a long time to kill them. The canning process may not use enough heat to kill the bacteria. Once in canned food, the bacteria can change back to regular cells and produce toxins. Botulism bacteria can grow inside cans because they are anerobes.