Hygiene Board Exam
# 1. Board Review for Dental Hygiene. Questions were taken from various sources, including books, online sources, and etc.
- 1.
The physiological concept that refers to the maintenance of a constant environment is
- A.
Hemostasis
- B.
Dynamic equilibrium
- C.
Homeostasis
- D.
Interdependence
- E.
Induction
Correct Answer
C. Homeostasis -
- 2.
The organelles that contain enzymes capable of digesting and destroying cellular debris
- A.
Endoplasmic reticulum
- B.
Golgi apparatus
- C.
Mitochondria
- D.
Lysosomes
- E.
Ribosomes
Correct Answer
D. Lysosomes -
- 3.
Transport of water across a cell membrane
- A.
Osmosis
- B.
Facilitated diffusion
- C.
Active transport
- D.
Diffusion
Correct Answer
D. Diffusion -
- 4.
The direction and rate of diffusion of an ion is influenced by the
- A.
Concentration gradient
- B.
Hydrostatic pressure gradient
- C.
Electrical gradient
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the above -
- 5.
Active transport differs from facilitated diffusion in that active transport
- A.
Moves a substance against a concentration gradient
- B.
Requires a carrier
- C.
Requires energy from magnesius adenosine triphosphate (Mg ATP)
- D.
Is exemplified by the movement of sodium and potassium across cell membranes
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the above -
- 6.
A patient has accidentally been given an intravenous solution that is extremely hypertonic. Which of the following well occur?
- A.
Fluid moves from cell to plasma
- B.
The cell shrink
- C.
Crenation is the term to describe the changes that occur
- D.
All of the above are true statements about the events that occur
Correct Answer
D. All of the above are true statements about the events that occur -
- 7.
All of the following are derived from endoderm except
- A.
Epithelial parts of the respiratory system
- B.
Epithelial parts of the gastrointestinal system
- C.
Epithelium in the mouth
- D.
Epithelium of the pharynx
Correct Answer
C. Epithelium in the mouth -
- 8.
Which of the following is derived from mesoderm?
- A.
Epidermis
- B.
Nervous system
- C.
Adrenal medulla
- D.
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- E.
Connective tissue
Correct Answer
E. Connective tissue -
- 9.
Muscles of mastication is derived from which branchial arch?
- A.
First
- B.
Second
- C.
Third
- D.
Fourth
- E.
Fifth
Correct Answer
A. First -
- 10.
The developmental period in which teeth and the palate are most susceptible to teratogenic agents is the
- A.
Third through the fifth week
- B.
Fourth through the seventh week
- C.
Fourth through the eighth week
- D.
Eighth through the tenth week
Correct Answer
D. Eighth through the tenth weekExplanation
the most rapid developmental timeRate this question:
-
- 11.
Gingiva and buccal mucosa
- A.
Simple squamous epithelium
- B.
Stratified squamous epithelium
- C.
Cuboidal epithelium
- D.
Stratified columnar epithelium
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Stratified squamous epithelium -
- 12.
What type of connective tissue is present in scar tissue?
- A.
Loose
- B.
Dense fibrous
- C.
Lymphatic
- D.
Reticuloendothelial
- E.
Adipose
Correct Answer
B. Dense fibrous -
- 13.
What kind of cell types line the vascular channels of the body?
- A.
Stratified squamous epithelium
- B.
Endothelium
- C.
Mesothelium
- D.
Transitional epithelium
- E.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Correct Answer
B. Endothelium -
- 14.
Pleura is a type of
- A.
Serous membrane
- B.
Mucous membrane
- C.
Visceral membrane
- D.
Parietal membrane
- E.
Synovial membrane
Correct Answer
A. Serous membrane -
- 15.
In long bones, the process whereby cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells, organic matrix is laid down, and calcium and phosphate are deposited is known as
- A.
Intramembranous ossification
- B.
Endochondral ossification
- C.
Osteoporosis
- D.
Erythropoiesis
- E.
Diaphyseal formation
Correct Answer
B. Endochondral ossification -
- 16.
All of the following terms are associated with haversian systems in bone
- A.
Caniculi
- B.
Lamellae
- C.
Lacunae
- D.
Osteocytes
- E.
Periosteum
Correct Answer
E. Periosteum -
- 17.
What kind of joint, is described by the following: joint cavity present; bone ends covered by cartilage; may be separated by a disk; freely movable?
- A.
Synarthrotic
- B.
Diarthrotic
- C.
Cartilagenous
- D.
Synphysis
- E.
Synchondroses
Correct Answer
B. Diarthrotic -
- 18.
Which of the following is NOT associated with a skeletal muscle?
- A.
Sarcolemma
- B.
Myofibrils
- C.
Intercalated disk
- D.
Mitochondria
- E.
Actin and myosin
Correct Answer
C. Intercalated disk -
- 19.
Actin and myosin are proteins contained within a
- A.
Myofibril
- B.
Myofilament
- C.
Fiber
- D.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer
A. Myofibril -
- 20.
A single motor neuron and the muscle cells supplied by its axon branches is termed
- A.
An efferent neuron
- B.
A motor unit
- C.
A motor end plate
- D.
A sarcoplasmic reticulum
- E.
An annulospiral ending
Correct Answer
C. A motor end plate -
- 21.
Which of the following glial cells are responsible for myelin formation in the central nervous system?
- A.
Ependymal cells
- B.
Oligodendrocytes
- C.
Microglia
- D.
Schwann cells
Correct Answer
B. Oligodendrocytes -
- 22.
Depolarization occurs with
- A.
Transfer of sodium ions to the inside of a neuron
- B.
Transfer of potassium ions to the outside of a neuron
- C.
A reversal of charge across the nerve cell membrane making the outside of the fiber positive with respect to the inside
Correct Answer
A. Transfer of sodium ions to the inside of a neuron -
- 23.
Conduction occurs when a stimulus reduces the membrane potential to a critical level. This level is called
- A.
Summation
- B.
Threshold
- C.
Action potential
- D.
Facilitation
- E.
Refractory period
Correct Answer
B. Threshold -
- 24.
Which tract exerts a facilitative influence on motor neurons in the anterior horn?
- A.
Lateral corticospinal tract
- B.
Ventral corticospinal tract
- C.
Lateral reticulospinal tract
- D.
medial reticulospinal tract
- E.
Ectospinal tract
Correct Answer
C. Lateral reticulospinal tract -
- 25.
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were sectioned what would be the result in the regions supplied by the nerve?
- A.
Loss of sensation
- B.
Loss of motor control
- C.
Loss of sensation and movement
- D.
Partial loss of sensation and movement
- E.
Loss of sensation, movement, and control of the degree of constriction of blood vessels
Correct Answer
B. Loss of motor control -
- 26.
Corticospinal tract
- A.
Fibers are located in grey columns of the cord
- B.
Fibers come from neuron cell bodies located in the spinal cord
- C.
Fibers synapse with neurons in the cerebellar cortex
- D.
Fibers are descending fibers from the cells in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe
- E.
Nonfunctionng is one cause of loss of sensation
Correct Answer
D. Fibers are descending fibers from the cells in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe -
- 27.
The primary motor area of the brain is the
- A.
Precentral gyrus
- B.
Postcentral gyrus
- C.
Temporal lobe
- D.
Occipital lobe
- E.
Hypothalamus
Correct Answer
A. Precentral gyrus -
- 28.
Which of the following functions are conducted in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, that is, in the fasciculus graciles and cuneatus?
- A.
High degree of location
- B.
Vibratory sense
- C.
Fine gradations of pressure
- D.
Kinesthesia
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the above -
- 29.
Damage to the precental gyrus of the cerebral cortex
- A.
Spastic paralysis
- B.
Sensory loss
- C.
Intention tremor
- D.
Tremor at rest
- E.
Loss of simple reflexes
Correct Answer
A. Spastic paralysis -
- 30.
Almost all sensory impulses pass through what structure on their way to the cerebral cortex?
- A.
Basal ganglia
- B.
Corpus striatum
- C.
Hypothalamus
- D.
Corpus callosum
- E.
Thalamus
Correct Answer
E. Thalamus -
- 31.
Inability to coordinate muscular activity can be due to a lesion in the
- A.
Cerebellum
- B.
Somesthetic cortex
- C.
Broca's area
- D.
Occipital lobe
Correct Answer
A. Cerebellum -
- 32.
Which of the following describes the function of the hypothalamus?
- A.
Temperature control centers
- B.
Regulation of visceral activity
- C.
Synthesis of hormonal releasing factors
- D.
Influencing basic drives like sex, thirst, hunger
- E.
All to the above describe hypothalamic functhions
Correct Answer
E. All to the above describe hypothalamic functhions -
- 33.
Important centers for control of respiration and dardiovascular function are located in the
- A.
Pons
- B.
Medulla
- C.
Midbrain
- D.
Thalamus
Correct Answer
B. Medulla -
- 34.
Which of the following is/are not necessary for any of the responses referred to as reflexes?
- A.
Autonomic nerves
- B.
Cerebral cortex
- C.
Effectors
- D.
Receptors
- E.
Synapses
Correct Answer
B. Cerebral cortex -
- 35.
A type of receptor which is sensitive to pain is
- A.
Pacinian corpuscle
- B.
Meissener's corpuscle
- C.
Free nerve endings
- D.
End bulb of Krause
- E.
Ruffin endings
Correct Answer
C. Free nerve endings -
- 36.
Referred pain is
- A.
Initiated in skin and referred to viscera or muscle
- B.
Initiated in viscera and referred to the contralateral dermatome
- C.
Due to converging the pain fibers with other sensory fibers in nuclei of the somesthetic cortex
- D.
Due to converging of pain fibers with other sensory fibers in the cord and thalamus
Correct Answer
D. Due to converging of pain fibers with other sensory fibers in the cord and thalamus -
- 37.
The autonomic nervous system exerts its influence on
- A.
Smooth muscle
- B.
Glandular secretion
- C.
Cardiac muscle
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the above -
- 38.
The neurotransmitter substance released at the postganglionic terminal of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is
- A.
Norepinephrine
- B.
Epinephrine
- C.
Cholinesterase
- D.
Acetylcholine
- E.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Correct Answer
D. Acetylcholine -
- 39.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released from
- A.
Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system
- B.
Neuromyal junction
- C.
Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla -
- 40.
All of the following are autonomic effects on the body except regulation of
- A.
Heart rate
- B.
Digestive secretion
- C.
Skeletal muscle tone
- D.
Glandular secretion
- E.
Blood pressure
Correct Answer
C. Skeletal muscle tone -
- 41.
Extreme excitement in a patient may have the following effects on organ systems:
- A.
Increased blood pressure
- B.
Increases gastrointestinal activity
- C.
Relaxation of smooth muscles in bronchi
- D.
A and C
- E.
B and C
Correct Answer
D. A and C -
- 42.
An increase in parasympathetic activity
- A.
Increase salivation
- B.
Increases gastrointestinal activity
- C.
Decreases heart rate
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the above -
- 43.
Hormones
- A.
Catalyze intracellular biochemical reactions
- B.
Enter into chemical reactions without being degraded or depleted
- C.
Are chemical substances that are produced by endocrine glands, travel through the circulatory system, and exert their influence on specific structures
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. Are chemical substances that are produced by endocrine glands, travel through the circulatory system, and exert their influence on specific structuresExplanation
Any time during a test, if you don't know the right answer: 1. find a answer that grammatically fits better with the question
2. the longest answer
3. or just pick CRate this question:
-
- 44.
A topic hormone
- A.
Stimulates growth and secretion of a specific glandular tissue
- B.
Acts by positive feedback control
- C.
Is produced by the gonads
- D.
Two of the above
Correct Answer(s)
A. Stimulates growth and secretion of a specific glandular tissue
D. Two of the above -
- 45.
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by
- A.
Mineralocorticoids and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- B.
Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone
- C.
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
- D.
Calcitonin and glucagon
Correct Answer
C. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin -
- 46.
Calcitonin
- A.
Potentiates the effect of parathyroid hormone
- B.
Is secreted by the thyroid gland
- C.
Is released in response to excess serum calcium
- D.
All of the above
- E.
Only B and C are correct descriptions
Correct Answer
E. Only B and C are correct descriptions -
- 47.
Which hormone promotes glucose transport from blood into cell?
- A.
Insulin
- B.
Glucagon
- C.
Epinephrine
- D.
Pancreatin
Correct Answer
A. Insulin -
- 48.
Which hormone is LESS involved in a stress reaction?
- A.
Epinephrine
- B.
Norepinephrine
- C.
Cortisone
- D.
Thyroxin
- E.
Adrenocorticotropin
Correct Answer
D. Thyroxin -
- 49.
Cortisol
- A.
Increases the flux of amino acids in the body
- B.
Mobilizes stored fat
- C.
Promotes gluconeogenesis
- D.
All of the above
- E.
Only A and C are correct
Correct Answer
D. All of the above -
- 50.
Insulin has all of the following effects EXCEPT
- A.
Promotes glucose entry into cells, therefore has a hypoglycemic effect
- B.
Promotes transport of amino acids into cells, therefore increases protein synthesis
- C.
Promotes transport of fatty acids into cells, therefore has a lipogenic effect
- D.
Promotes liver glycogenolysis, therefor has a hyperglycemic effect
- E.
Promotes potassium entry into cells, therefore has a hypokalemic effect
Correct Answer
D. Promotes liver glycogenolysis, therefor has a hyperglycemic effect -
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Feb 19, 2013Quiz Edited by
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