IPv1
IPv2
IPv3
IPv4
IPv6
Robust network architecture
Reliable delivery mechanism
Ability of dissimiliar systems to exchange data
Support for long-haul connections
High performance
NSF launches NSFNET
The DoD mandates TCP/IP as the "official ARPANET protocol"
TCP/IP appears in the 4.2BSD UNIX distribution
Initial development of name server technology occurs
ISOC
IAB
IRTF
IETF
ICANN
IETF
IRTF
ISOC
Index of Official Protocols
Index of Internet Official Protocols
Internet Official Protocol Standards
The Internet Standards Process
Draft
Historic
Proposed
Retired
Standard
True
False
Takes a big problem and breaks it into a series of smaller interrelated problems
Allows individual layers to be insulated from one another
Permits expertise to be applied from different disciplines for different layers
Permits hardware issues to be kept separate from software issues
Header
Payload
Checksum
Trailer
NIC
Segmentation and reassembly
Connectors
Cables
Segmentation and reassembly
Session setup, maintenance, and tear-down
Checkpoint controls
Data format conversions
Network access
Internet
Transport
Application
ARP
PPP
TCP
UDP
XNET
Domain name
Symbolic name
Numeric IP
Return
Hardware
MAC layer
PROM
RIPL
ICMP
IP
ARP
RARP
2 raised to the number of bits in the host portion of the address
2 raised to the number of bits in the host portion of the address minus 2
2 raised to the number of bits in the network portion of the address minus 2
2 raised to the number of bits in the network portion of the address
CIDR
Subnetting
NAT
Increased use of private IP addresses
Ethernet I
Ethernet II
Ethernet 802.2 LLC
Ethernet 802.2 SNAP
Check the hardware address to see if it should be read further
Check the validity of the FCS value
Strip off the FCS field and hand the packet to the data link layer
Examine the payload to determine the actual destination address
A special area of memory on router where already-resolved IP hardware address translations are stored
A special area of memory on IP hosts where already-resolved IP hardware address translations are stored
A special file where already-resolved IP hardware address translations are stores as a computer is powered down, then read as it is powered back up
A special file where symbolic name to IP address translations are stored
ARP cache
Routing tables
A source route request
Proxy ARP to get hardware address for the destination machine
Nothing, other than sending a reply
The sending hosts responds with an ARP request to the orignial requesting host
The sending host uses the contents of its reply to the requesting host to add an entry for the requesting host to its ARP cache
The sending hosts uses the contents of its reply to update the entry for the requesting host in its ARP cache
Path discovery
PMTU
Reachability
Route tracing
Improved reachability for datagram delivery
Reachability analysis support
Path discovery services
Delivery error reporting
Network congestion management
Network utilization metrics
Destination unreachable
Echo/echo reply
Redirect
Source quench
Destination unreachable
Echo/echo reply
Redirect
Source quench
PING
TRACERT
TRACEROUTE
IPCONFIG
Port scan
Protocol scan
Host probe (scan)
Network mapping
IP
TCP
UDP
FTP
Transport
Network
Connectionless
Connection-oriented
Connection handling
Delivery guarantees
Segmentation and reassembly
Message-level checksum in header
Explicit transmission acknowledgement
Segmentation
Optional header checksum
Identification of source and destination port addresses
Explicit transmission acknowledgement
Reassembly
0-1023
1-512
10-4097
0-65535
Logical connection between peers
Acknowledgements
Sequence numbers
Retry mechanism
3
4
5
None of the above
The handshake process does not end with a final SYN
The handshake process does not end with a final ACK
The handshake process does not end with a final FIN
The handshake process does not end with a final RST
Sequencing and reassembly
Retransmission timer
Explicit acknowledgement
Congestion control
Client/server
Peer-to-peer
Request/reply
Push-pull
Client/server client/server
Peer-to-peer
Request/reply
Push-pull
Command-line FTP program
Embedded FTP code
Web-based FTP access
Graphical FTP program
Command interpreter
Protocol interpreter
Runtime library
User interface
Session
Client
Command
Server
Data
LMHOSTS
ZONEINFO
Root.dns
HOSTS
Local control over domain name database segments
Designation of optional primary name servers and mandatory secondary name servers
Data from all database segments, available everywhere
Highly robust and available database information
Requires implementation of relational database management system, such as Oracle or Sysbase
Subordination of authority
Database consolidation
Delegation of authority
Database segmentation
A
SOA
PTR
MX
CNAME
A
SOA
PTR
MX
CNAME
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