Simulated Examination For Gulf Pharmacology 3
This is a Simulated Examination for Gulf Pharmacology Practice Examinations taken from Last Month's HAAD Feedbacks.
This examination contains 100 of the most UPDATED EXAMS from Abu Dhabi, KSA, and UAE.
Take this examination for 120 minutes. You need to get 86% to pass the HAAD. 60% to pass MOH, DHA, or Prometrics.
Please text 0919-286-29-29 in the Philippines or visit our website www. Pharmaol. Weebly. Com THIS IS YOUR ASSESSMENT FOR ANY GULF Pharmacology EXAMINATIONS INCLUDING HAAD, SAUDI PROMETRICS, DUBAI DHA, AND UAE MOH. THE QUESTIONS HERE ARE TAKEN FROM THIS ACTUAL EXAMINATIONS, SO Read morePASSING THIS ASSESSMENT EXAM WILL GIVE YOU A HIGH PROBABILITY OF PASSING THE SAID EXAMINATIONS
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Pregangleonic neurons use:
- A.
Acetylcholine
- B.
Phenoxybenzamine
- C.
Epineherine
- D.
Norepinepherine
Correct Answer
A. AcetylcholineExplanation
Preganglionic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine is released from the preganglionic neurons and binds to nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neurons. This binding initiates an action potential in the postganglionic neuron, allowing for the transmission of signals from the preganglionic to the postganglionic neuron. Acetylcholine is involved in the transmission of signals in the autonomic nervous system, specifically in the parasympathetic division. It plays a role in various bodily functions, such as regulating heart rate, digestion, and glandular secretions.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Postgangleonic neurons consist of 2 divisions. What are they?
- A.
Cholinergic & Sympathetic Divisions
- B.
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Divisions
- C.
Cholinergic & Autonomic Divisions
- D.
Parasympathetic & Adrenergic Divisions
Correct Answer
B. Sympathetic & Parasympathetic DivisionsExplanation
Postganglionic neurons are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions. They are responsible for transmitting signals from the ganglia (clusters of nerve cell bodies) to target organs or tissues. The autonomic nervous system is divided into two main divisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. The sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, while the parasympathetic division is responsible for the "rest and digest" response. Therefore, the correct answer is "Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Divisions."Rate this question:
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- 3.
What receptors are involved in the Parasympathetic division?
- A.
Adrenergic Receptors
- B.
Ligand Gated Receptors
- C.
Cholinergic Receptors
- D.
Norepinepherine Receptors
Correct Answer
C. Cholinergic ReceptorsExplanation
Cholinergic receptors are involved in the parasympathetic division. These receptors are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released by the parasympathetic nervous system. Activation of cholinergic receptors leads to various physiological responses, such as decreased heart rate, increased digestion, and relaxation of smooth muscles. Adrenergic receptors, on the other hand, are involved in the sympathetic division and are activated by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Therefore, the correct answer is cholinergic receptors.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Adrenergic receptors are associated with...
- A.
Acetylcholine
- B.
Sympathetic Division
- C.
Parasympathetic Division
- D.
Pregangleonic Neurons
Correct Answer
B. Sympathetic DivisionExplanation
Adrenergic receptors are associated with the Sympathetic Division. The Sympathetic Division is part of the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for the fight-or-flight response. Adrenergic receptors specifically respond to the neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, which are released by the Sympathetic Division. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating various physiological responses such as increased heart rate, dilation of blood vessels, and increased blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Where are Muscarinic receptors found?
- A.
Liver
- B.
Smooth Muscle
- C.
Autonomic Ganglia
- D.
Neuromuscular Junction
Correct Answer
B. Smooth MuscleExplanation
Muscarinic receptors are found in smooth muscle. Muscarinic receptors are a type of acetylcholine receptor that are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are primarily located in smooth muscle tissues throughout the body, including the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and blood vessels. Activation of muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle leads to various physiological responses, such as contraction or relaxation, depending on the specific location and function of the smooth muscle.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The 2 types of cholinergic receptors are:
- A.
Nicotinic and Alpha 1
- B.
Beta 3 and Muscarinic
- C.
Muscarinic and Epinepherine
- D.
G-protein coupled and Ligand Gated
Correct Answer
D. G-protein coupled and Ligand GatedExplanation
The correct answer is G-protein coupled and Ligand Gated. Cholinergic receptors are classified into two types based on their mechanism of action. G-protein coupled receptors are activated by binding of acetylcholine to the receptor, which then activates intracellular signaling pathways through G-proteins. Ligand-gated receptors, on the other hand, are ion channels that open in response to the binding of acetylcholine, allowing the flow of ions across the cell membrane. Both types of receptors play important roles in mediating the effects of acetylcholine in the body.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Where do cholinergic agonist drugs produce their effect?
- A.
Cardiac & Smooth Muscle
- B.
Everywhere
- C.
Pre-synaptic membranes in ganglia
- D.
Pregangleonic neurons
Correct Answer
A. Cardiac & Smooth MuscleExplanation
Cholinergic agonist drugs produce their effect in cardiac and smooth muscle. Cholinergic agonists are drugs that mimic the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that activates cholinergic receptors. These receptors are found in various tissues, including cardiac and smooth muscle. When cholinergic agonist drugs bind to these receptors, they stimulate the muscle cells, leading to increased contraction in the heart and smooth muscles. This can have various therapeutic effects, such as increasing heart rate or promoting smooth muscle relaxation.Rate this question:
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- 8.
How many muscarinic receptor types are there?
- A.
7
- B.
4
- C.
6
- D.
5
Correct Answer
D. 5Explanation
There are five muscarinic receptor types.Rate this question:
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- 9.
How many adrenergic receptor types are there?
- A.
3
- B.
5
- C.
4
- D.
7
Correct Answer
B. 5Explanation
There are five adrenergic receptor types. Adrenergic receptors are a type of receptor found in the sympathetic nervous system that bind to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine. These receptors are classified into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 subtypes. Each subtype has different functions and is found in different tissues throughout the body. Therefore, there are a total of five adrenergic receptor types.Rate this question:
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- 10.
TRUE or FALSE: Nicotinic receptors are found in autonomic ganglia, Neuromuscular junction and the adrenal medulla.
- A.
TRUE
- B.
FALSE
Correct Answer
A. TRUEExplanation
Nicotinic receptors are indeed found in autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junctions, and the adrenal medulla. These receptors are a type of cholinergic receptor that bind to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In autonomic ganglia, they play a role in transmitting signals between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. At the neuromuscular junction, nicotinic receptors mediate the transmission of signals from motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibers. In the adrenal medulla, they are involved in the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Therefore, the statement "Nicotinic receptors are found in autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction, and the adrenal medulla" is true.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Nicoinic receptors are:
- A.
G-protein Gated
- B.
Ligand Gated
- C.
Found in Pregangleonic Neurons
- D.
Found in Smooth Muscle
Correct Answer
B. Ligand GatedExplanation
Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These receptors are located in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. When acetylcholine binds to the receptor, it causes a conformational change that allows ions, such as sodium and calcium, to flow into the cell. This influx of ions leads to depolarization of the cell membrane and the generation of an action potential. Nicotinic receptors play a crucial role in mediating fast synaptic transmission in the nervous system and are involved in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction and cognitive function.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Beta receptor stimulation involves what?
- A.
Phospholipase C & G-proteins
- B.
G-proteins & cAMP
- C.
IP3 & Diacyglycerol
- D.
The Calcium Second Messenger System
Correct Answer
B. G-proteins & cAMPExplanation
Beta receptor stimulation involves G-proteins and cAMP. When beta receptors are stimulated, G-proteins are activated, which in turn activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase then converts ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP acts as a second messenger, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to various physiological responses, such as increased heart rate and bronchodilation. Therefore, G-proteins and cAMP play a crucial role in transmitting the signal from beta receptor stimulation to the cellular response.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Alpha 1 receptor stimulation involves:
- A.
Stimulation of Phospholipase C, which catalyses IP3 and Diacyglycerol
- B.
Production of cAMP
- C.
Calmodulin and G-proteins
- D.
The cAMP Second Messenger System, which activates Protein Kinase
Correct Answer
A. Stimulation of Phospholipase C, which catalyses IP3 and DiacyglycerolExplanation
Alpha 1 receptor stimulation involves the activation of Phospholipase C, an enzyme that catalyzes the production of two second messengers, inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 functions to release calcium ions from intracellular stores, while DAG activates protein kinase C, leading to various cellular responses. This pathway is independent of cAMP and involves the activation of calmodulin and G-proteins.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Many cholinergic agonist drugs have adverse affects which can be remembered as 'DUMBELS'; What does the 'DUM" stand for? There may be more than one correct answer.
- A.
Diarrhoea
- B.
Urination
- C.
Miosis (contraction of pupil)
- D.
Uptake of Iron
- E.
Drooling
Correct Answer(s)
A. Diarrhoea
B. Urination
C. Miosis (contraction of pupil)Explanation
The 'DUM' in 'DUMBELS' stands for Diarrhoea, Urination, and Miosis (contraction of pupil). These are adverse effects commonly associated with cholinergic agonist drugs. Diarrhoea refers to an increased frequency and loose consistency of bowel movements. Urination refers to increased urination or urinary incontinence. Miosis is the constriction of the pupil, leading to decreased pupil size. These adverse effects occur due to the activation of cholinergic receptors in various tissues and organs in the body.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Many cholinergic agonist drugs have adverse affects which can be remembered as 'DUMBELS'; What does the 'BELS" stand for?
- A.
Bronchoconstriction
- B.
Excitation of skeletal muscle
- C.
EC50 Increases
- D.
Sweating
- E.
Lacrimation
Correct Answer(s)
A. Bronchoconstriction
B. Excitation of skeletal muscle
D. Sweating
E. LacrimationExplanation
The term 'DUMBELS' is an acronym used to remember the adverse effects of cholinergic agonist drugs. In this case, 'BELS' stands for Bronchoconstriction, Excitation of skeletal muscle, Sweating, and Lacrimation. These are all potential side effects of cholinergic agonist drugs, which can cause constriction of the bronchial tubes, increased muscle activity, excessive sweating, and increased tear production.Rate this question:
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- 16.
What does the alpha 1 effect produce?
- A.
Bronchodilation
- B.
Vasodilation
- C.
Vasoconstriction
- D.
Smooth Muscle Relaxation
Correct Answer
C. VasoconstrictionExplanation
The alpha 1 effect produces vasoconstriction. This means that it causes the narrowing of blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Vasoconstriction occurs when the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels contracts, reducing the diameter of the vessels and restricting blood flow. This effect is mediated by alpha 1 adrenergic receptors, which are found in various tissues including blood vessels.Rate this question:
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- 17.
What does the beta 1 effect produce?
- A.
Decrease in force of contraction of the heart
- B.
Increase in force of contraction of the heart
- C.
Bronchoconstriction
- D.
Relaxation of Smooth Muscle
Correct Answer
B. Increase in force of contraction of the heartExplanation
The beta 1 effect refers to the stimulation of beta 1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. When these receptors are activated, it leads to an increase in the force of contraction of the heart. This means that the heart muscle contracts more forcefully, resulting in a stronger heartbeat.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The beta 2 effect produces which of the following?
- A.
Relaxation of smooth Muscle
- B.
Vasoconstriction
- C.
Skeletal muscle relaxation
- D.
Vasodilation
Correct Answer
A. Relaxation of smooth MuscleExplanation
The beta 2 effect refers to the activation of beta 2 adrenergic receptors, which are primarily located in smooth muscle cells. When these receptors are activated, they cause relaxation of smooth muscle, leading to bronchodilation in the airways, relaxation of the uterus during pregnancy, and relaxation of blood vessels in certain organs. This effect is important in the treatment of conditions such as asthma and preterm labor.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Epinepherine is what type of drug?
- A.
Cholinergic agonist
- B.
Non-selective adrenergic agonist
- C.
Alpha agonist
- D.
Indirect acting cholinergic antagonist
Correct Answer
B. Non-selective adrenergic agonistExplanation
Epinephrine is classified as a non-selective adrenergic agonist because it stimulates both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. It acts as a sympathomimetic drug, mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation, among other effects. Its non-selective action on adrenergic receptors makes it useful in emergency situations like anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest, where a rapid and widespread response is needed.Rate this question:
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- 20.
At low doses epinepherine acts on what type of receptors?
- A.
Alpha 1
- B.
Alpha 2
- C.
Muscarinic 3 & 1
- D.
Beta 1 & 2
Correct Answer
D. Beta 1 & 2Explanation
Epinephrine acts on beta 1 and beta 2 receptors at low doses. Beta 1 receptors are found mainly in the heart and when stimulated, they increase heart rate and force of contraction. Beta 2 receptors are found in smooth muscles of the bronchioles and blood vessels, and their stimulation causes bronchodilation and vasodilation. Therefore, epinephrine at low doses primarily affects the heart and lungs by increasing heart rate, improving cardiac output, and dilating the bronchioles.Rate this question:
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- 21.
At high doses, epinepherine acts on what receptor?
- A.
Alpha 1
- B.
Muscarinic 3
- C.
Nicotinic
- D.
Beta 2
Correct Answer
A. Alpha 1Explanation
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter that acts on various receptors in the body. At high doses, epinephrine predominantly acts on the alpha 1 adrenergic receptor. Activation of the alpha 1 receptor leads to vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and pupil dilation. This response is important in emergency situations to increase blood flow to vital organs and prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response.Rate this question:
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- 22.
TRUE or FALSE: Epinepherine produces the alpha 1 and beta 1/2 effects
- A.
TRUE
- B.
FALSE
Correct Answer
A. TRUEExplanation
Epinephrine is a hormone that activates both alpha 1 and beta 1/2 adrenergic receptors. The activation of alpha 1 receptors leads to vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and pupil dilation. On the other hand, the activation of beta 1 receptors increases heart rate and force of contraction, while the activation of beta 2 receptors causes bronchodilation and relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels. Therefore, it is correct to say that epinephrine produces both alpha 1 and beta 1/2 effects.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Epinepherine treats what?
- A.
Cancer
- B.
Bronchospasm
- C.
Urinary Retention
- D.
Hypertesion
Correct Answer
B. BronchospasmExplanation
Epinephrine is a medication that is commonly used to treat bronchospasm. Bronchospasm is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the airways in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing. Epinephrine works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, allowing them to open up and improve airflow. It is commonly used in the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory conditions that cause bronchospasm.Rate this question:
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- 24.
TRUE or FALSE: Norepinepherine does not effect beta 2 receptors.
- A.
TRUE
- B.
FALSE
Correct Answer
A. TRUEExplanation
Norepinephrine primarily affects alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors, not beta 2 receptors. Beta 2 receptors are mainly influenced by other catecholamines like epinephrine. Therefore, the statement that norepinephrine does not affect beta 2 receptors is true.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Norepinepherine produces...
- A.
Vasodilation
- B.
Vasoconstriction
- C.
Hypotension
- D.
Shock
Correct Answer
B. VasoconstrictionExplanation
Norepinephrine produces vasoconstriction. This means that it causes the blood vessels to constrict or narrow, resulting in a decrease in the diameter of the blood vessels. As a result, there is an increase in vascular resistance, which leads to an increase in blood pressure. Vasoconstriction is an important physiological response that helps regulate blood flow and maintain blood pressure in the body.Rate this question:
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- 26.
At moderate doses Dopamine effects what receptor/s?
- A.
Alpha 1
- B.
Alpha 1 & Beta 3
- C.
Beta 1
- D.
Dopamine 1 & 2
Correct Answer
C. Beta 1Explanation
At moderate doses, dopamine primarily affects the Beta 1 receptors. Dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a crucial role in regulating various functions such as movement, motivation, and reward. It acts on different types of receptors, including Alpha 1, Beta 3, Dopamine 1, and Dopamine 2. However, at moderate doses, the main receptor affected by dopamine is the Beta 1 receptor. Activation of Beta 1 receptors can have various effects on the body, including increased heart rate and contractility.Rate this question:
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- 27.
At high doses Dopamine effects what receptor/s?
- A.
Beta 1
- B.
Alpha 1
- C.
Dopamine 1 & 2
- D.
Beta 3 & Alpha 1
Correct Answer
B. Alpha 1Explanation
At high doses, dopamine affects the Alpha 1 receptor.Rate this question:
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- 28.
At low doses Dopamine effects what receptor/s?
- A.
Dopamine 1, 2 and Beta 2
- B.
Beta 1, 3 & Alpha 2
- C.
Dopamine 2 & Beta 1
- D.
Alpha 1
Correct Answer
A. Dopamine 1, 2 and Beta 2Explanation
At low doses, dopamine affects dopamine 1, dopamine 2, and beta 2 receptors. Dopamine 1 receptors are primarily located in the renal, mesenteric, and coronary vascular beds, and their activation leads to vasodilation and increased blood flow. Dopamine 2 receptors are found in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, and their stimulation inhibits the release of norepinephrine, leading to vasodilation. Beta 2 receptors are predominantly located in the smooth muscles of the bronchioles and blood vessels, and their activation causes bronchodilation and vasodilation.Rate this question:
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- 29.
What type of drug is norepinepherine?
- A.
Alpha selective agonist
- B.
Non-selective adrenergic agonist
- C.
Beta selective agonist
- D.
Cholinergic antagonist
Correct Answer
B. Non-selective adrenergic agonistExplanation
Norepinephrine is classified as a non-selective adrenergic agonist. This means that it activates both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the body. Adrenergic receptors are responsible for the response to adrenaline and noradrenaline, and they are divided into alpha and beta subtypes. Since norepinephrine can bind to both types of receptors, it is considered non-selective. This classification is important in understanding the drug's mechanism of action and its effects on various physiological processes in the body.Rate this question:
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- 30.
What type of drug is Dopamine?
- A.
Non-selective Adrenergic Agonist
- B.
Beta selective agonist
- C.
Muscarinic Antagonist
- D.
Nicotinic Agonist
Correct Answer
A. Non-selective Adrenergic AgonistExplanation
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and a catecholamine that acts as a non-selective adrenergic agonist. It is involved in various physiological processes such as regulating movement, emotion, and the reward system. As an adrenergic agonist, it binds to and activates both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, leading to various effects in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "Non-selective Adrenergic Agonist".Rate this question:
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- 31.
What are Phenylepherine and Methoxamine most commonly used to treat?
- A.
Nasal congestion
- B.
Hypertension
- C.
Blurred Vision
- D.
Constipation
Correct Answer
A. Nasal congestionExplanation
Phenylephrine and Methoxamine are most commonly used to treat nasal congestion. Nasal congestion refers to the blockage or stuffiness of the nasal passages, often caused by inflammation of the blood vessels in the nose. Phenylephrine and Methoxamine are both vasoconstrictors, meaning they constrict the blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing inflammation and allowing for easier breathing. They are commonly found in over-the-counter nasal decongestant medications.Rate this question:
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- 32.
What receptor/s do Phenylepherine and Methoxamine act on?
- A.
Alpha 1 ONLY
- B.
Beta 2 ONLY
- C.
Alpha 1 & Beta 3
- D.
Alpha 1 & Beta 2
Correct Answer
A. Alpha 1 ONLYExplanation
Phenylephrine and Methoxamine act on the Alpha 1 receptors only. These receptors are found in various tissues including blood vessels, causing vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure. By acting on the Alpha 1 receptors, these drugs can help in the treatment of conditions such as hypotension and nasal congestion. They do not have any significant affinity for Beta 2 or Beta 3 receptors, which are involved in different physiological processes.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Clonidine is what type of drug?
- A.
Alpha agonist
- B.
Beta Agonist
- C.
Muscarinic Antagonist
- D.
Nicotinic Agonist
Correct Answer
A. Alpha agonistExplanation
Clonidine is classified as an alpha agonist. Alpha agonists are drugs that bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors in the body. Clonidine specifically acts on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to a decrease in sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system. This results in various effects such as lowering blood pressure, reducing heart rate, and decreasing the release of norepinephrine.Rate this question:
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- 34.
What receptor does Clonidine act on?
- A.
Alpha 1
- B.
Alpha 2
- C.
Beta 2
- D.
Beta 1
Correct Answer
B. Alpha 2Explanation
Clonidine is a medication that acts on the alpha 2 receptors. These receptors are found in various parts of the body, including the central nervous system. When Clonidine binds to alpha 2 receptors, it inhibits the release of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating blood pressure. By blocking the alpha 2 receptors, Clonidine helps to lower blood pressure and reduce sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 35.
What effect does Clonidine have?
- A.
Vasodilation
- B.
Decreases Blood Pressure
- C.
Hypotension
- D.
Vasoconstriction
Correct Answer
B. Decreases Blood PressureExplanation
Clonidine is a medication commonly used to treat high blood pressure. It works by stimulating certain receptors in the brain, which leads to a decrease in the sympathetic nervous system activity. This ultimately results in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and a reduction in blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is "Decreases Blood Pressure."Rate this question:
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- 36.
Methyldopa is what type of drug?
- A.
Muscarinic antagonist
- B.
Adrenergic Antagonist
- C.
Muscarinic agonist
- D.
Adrenergic Agonist
Correct Answer
D. Adrenergic AgonistExplanation
Methyldopa is classified as an adrenergic agonist. Adrenergic agonists are drugs that stimulate the adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased sympathetic activity. Methyldopa works by being converted into methylnorepinephrine, which acts as a false transmitter and stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, resulting in a decrease in sympathetic outflow and a decrease in blood pressure. Therefore, it is used as an antihypertensive medication.Rate this question:
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- 37.
What receptor/s does Methydopa act on?
- A.
Beta 2
- B.
Beat 2 & 3
- C.
Alpha 1
- D.
Alpha 2
Correct Answer
D. Alpha 2Explanation
Methyldopa acts on the alpha 2 receptors. These receptors are found in the central nervous system and are involved in regulating blood pressure. By stimulating the alpha 2 receptors, Methyldopa helps to reduce blood pressure by decreasing the amount of norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerve terminals. This leads to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately lowers blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 38.
What effect does Methyldopa have?
- A.
Increases Blood Pressure
- B.
Decreases Blood Pressure
- C.
Hypertension
- D.
Nasal Decongestion
Correct Answer
B. Decreases Blood PressureExplanation
Methyldopa is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. It works by relaxing and dilating the blood vessels, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure. This effect helps to reduce the strain on the heart and improve overall cardiovascular health. Therefore, the correct answer is "Decreases Blood Pressure."Rate this question:
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- 39.
What type of drug is Dobutamine?
- A.
Cholinergic Agonist
- B.
Cholinergic Antagonist
- C.
Beat agonist
- D.
Alpha antagonist
Correct Answer
C. Beat agonistExplanation
Dobutamine is a beta agonist. Beta agonists are drugs that stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors in the body. Dobutamine specifically targets and stimulates beta-1 adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate and contractility. This makes it useful in treating conditions such as heart failure or cardiogenic shock, where there is a need to increase cardiac output.Rate this question:
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- 40.
What receptor/s does Doutamine act on?
- A.
Alpha 2
- B.
Beta 1
- C.
Beta 3 & 2
- D.
Alpha 1 and Beta 1
Correct Answer
B. Beta 1Explanation
Dopamine acts on the Beta 1 receptors.Rate this question:
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- 41.
What effect does Dobutamine produce?
- A.
Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects
- B.
Decrease lacrimal secretions
- C.
Increase Gastric secretions
- D.
Positive chronotropic and inotropic effects
Correct Answer
D. Positive chronotropic and inotropic effectsExplanation
Dobutamine is a medication that primarily acts on the beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. It stimulates these receptors, leading to an increase in heart rate (positive chronotropic effect) and an increase in the force of contraction of the heart muscle (positive inotropic effect). These effects help to improve cardiac output and are often used in the treatment of heart failure or low blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 42.
What type of drug is Isoproterenol?
- A.
Alpha agonist
- B.
Alpha and Beta agonist
- C.
Non-selective adrenergic agonist
- D.
Beta agonist
Correct Answer
D. Beta agonistExplanation
Isoproterenol is classified as a beta agonist because it primarily acts on beta receptors in the body. Beta agonists stimulate these receptors, leading to relaxation of smooth muscles in the airways, increased heart rate, and dilation of blood vessels. Isoproterenol specifically targets beta receptors and does not have significant activity on alpha receptors. Therefore, it is categorized as a beta agonist.Rate this question:
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- 43.
What receptor/s does Isoproterenol act on?
- A.
Beta 2 & 3
- B.
Alpha 1
- C.
Beta 1 & 2
- D.
Alpha 1 & 2
Correct Answer
C. Beta 1 & 2Explanation
Isoproterenol acts on beta 1 and beta 2 receptors. Beta 1 receptors are primarily found in the heart and are responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility. Beta 2 receptors are found in smooth muscle of the bronchioles and blood vessels, and their activation leads to relaxation of these muscles, resulting in bronchodilation and vasodilation.Rate this question:
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- 44.
What effect does Isoproterenol have?
- A.
Positive chronotropic and inotropic effects
- B.
Smooth Muscle relaxation
- C.
Smooth Muscle contraction
- D.
Negative Chronotropic and inotropic effects
Correct Answer
A. Positive chronotropic and inotropic effectsExplanation
Isoproterenol has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects. Chronotropic effects refer to the changes in heart rate, and isoproterenol increases the heart rate. Inotropic effects refer to the changes in the force of contraction of the heart, and isoproterenol increases the force of contraction. Therefore, isoproterenol has a positive effect on both heart rate and the force of contraction.Rate this question:
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- 45.
What type of drug is Terbutaline?
- A.
Cholinergic agonist
- B.
Adrenergic Agonist
- C.
Adrenergic Antagonist
- D.
Acetylcholine Reactivator
Correct Answer
B. Adrenergic AgonistExplanation
Terbutaline is classified as an adrenergic agonist because it acts on adrenergic receptors in the body. Adrenergic agonists stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, leading to effects such as bronchodilation, increased heart rate, and relaxation of smooth muscles. Terbutaline specifically targets beta-2 adrenergic receptors, making it useful in the treatment of conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). By activating these receptors, Terbutaline promotes the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles, allowing for easier breathing.Rate this question:
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- 46.
What receptor/s does Terbutaline act on?
- A.
Alpha 2
- B.
Alpha 1 & 2
- C.
Beta 2
- D.
Beta 2 & 3
Correct Answer
C. Beta 2Explanation
Terbutaline acts on the Beta 2 receptors. These receptors are found primarily in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles in the lungs. Activation of the Beta 2 receptors by Terbutaline leads to relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation. This helps to relieve symptoms of bronchospasm and improve airflow in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Rate this question:
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- 47.
What type of drugs are Albuterol and Metaproterenol?
- A.
Adrenergic agonists
- B.
Adrenergic antagonists
- C.
Cholinergic antagonists
- D.
Indirect Acting Adrenergic Agonists
Correct Answer
A. Adrenergic agonistsExplanation
Albuterol and Metaproterenol are classified as adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic agonists are drugs that stimulate the adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, leading to the activation of the fight-or-flight response. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions as they relax the muscles in the airways, allowing for easier breathing. By acting on the adrenergic receptors, Albuterol and Metaproterenol mimic the effects of adrenaline, resulting in bronchodilation and improved airflow.Rate this question:
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- 48.
What effect does Terbutaline have?
- A.
Smooth Muscle Contraction
- B.
Vasodilation
- C.
Smooth Muscle Relaxation
- D.
Increases Heart Rate
Correct Answer
C. Smooth Muscle RelaxationExplanation
Terbutaline is a medication that belongs to the class of beta-2 adrenergic agonists. It acts by stimulating the beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscles of the airways, leading to their relaxation. This relaxation effect helps in the management of conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where the airways become constricted and narrowed. By causing smooth muscle relaxation, Terbutaline helps to relieve the symptoms of these respiratory conditions and improve airflow.Rate this question:
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- 49.
What receptor/s do Albuterol and Metaproterenol act on?
- A.
Beta 2
- B.
Alpha 1
- C.
Alpha 2
- D.
Beta 3 & 2
Correct Answer
A. Beta 2Explanation
Albuterol and Metaproterenol act on the Beta 2 receptors. These receptors are found in the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs. Activation of the Beta 2 receptors by these medications causes relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscles, leading to bronchodilation and improved airflow in conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Rate this question:
-
- 50.
What type of drug is Tyramine?
- A.
Cholinergic Agonist
- B.
Muscarinic Antagonist
- C.
Adrenergic Antagonist
- D.
Indirect Acting Adrenergic Agonist
Correct Answer
D. Indirect Acting Adrenergic AgonistExplanation
Tyramine is classified as an indirect acting adrenergic agonist because it stimulates the release of norepinephrine from nerve endings, leading to an increase in sympathetic activity. It does not directly bind to adrenergic receptors but rather indirectly enhances the release of norepinephrine, which then binds to adrenergic receptors to produce its effects. This classification distinguishes it from direct acting adrenergic agonists, which directly bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.Rate this question:
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Quiz: Test Your Knowledge On Popular Christmas Carols!
Quiz: Test Your Knowledge On Popular Christmas Carols!
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