Psyc Test Karar

A. Only the anterior singulate area was shown to be activated.

B. People cannot regulate the pain of ostracism.

C. This is a figure of speech, and there is no reason to believe it actually hurts.

. None of the above is true.

Sas

Asas

A. enough cognitive resources to process the information systematically

B. enough motivation to process the information systematically

C. only a or b

D. both a and b

People’s tendency to make circular arguments about their impressions about others.

People’s circle of friends within which they share impressions about other people.

The cycles in which people’s impressions change over time.

none of the above.

Athe results were consistent with the hypothesis, but the hypothesis needs to be tested in other emergency situations as well

Bthe results were consistent with the hypothesis, but there is an alternative explanation of the results

. both a and b

Neither a nor b

Their judgments after 100 ms are often as accurate as their considered judgments.

Judgments about the personality of people after viewing their pictures for one second were very different from snap judgments after viewing the same pictures for 100 ms.

A political candidate who is evaluated to be more competent is more likely to win in a US election.

All of the above are true

A. A leader can be both task oriented and socioemotionally oriented.

One’s leadership style is a stable personality trait.

Situational control is determined by a leader’s leadership style.

Task performance depends only on a leader’s leadership style

The accessibility of a concept is stable, and is not affected by situations.

The accessibility of a concept increases when it is used recently.

People use accessible concepts to interpret ambiguous information

Accessible concepts are unlikely to affect the interpretation of unambiguous information.

. According to Jones and Davis’s correspondent inference theory, you should infer that the essay writer has anti-environmental attitudes.

According to Jones and Davis’s correspondent inference theory, you should not infer that the essay writer has anti-environmental attitudes.

. According to Jones and Harris’s experiment, you are likely to infer that the essay writer has anti-environmental attitudes.

According to Jones and Harris’s experiment, you are likely to say it is difficult to infer the essay writer’s true attitudes.

It is a bias in people’s judgments about other’s intelligence.

It is a universal human bias based on the limitation of human rationality.

People from some cultural backgrounds show a greater extent of this bias than others.

It is unaffected by people’s stereotypes.

People’s impressions about a person are structured and integrated, and not a simple list of attributes.

Nformation encountered earlier tends to have stronger effects on person impressions than information encountered later.

information about a person’s warmth and coldness is more central than his or her politeness and bluntness.

All of the above are true.

A. people behave differently when even a minimal social relationship is present

B. people feel and behave differently when their social relationship is removed from them

C. both a and b

D. neither a nor b

A. They refer to the process in which people’s impressions about a target person can generate the target person’s behaviour that is consistent with those impressions.

They refer to the cognitive process by which one’s true self is fulfilled by his or her behaviour.

They occur only when people have some insights about their true self.

They occur in dating situations, but do not in educational settings.

Me and I are physically different aspects of oneself.

Physical self is part of Me.

Me is a purely physical entity and does not have any social origin.

All of the above are true.

It was developed by Charles Horton Cooley.

It implies that humans would not have a sense of oneself unless we grow up with other humans.

It implies that one’s self-presentation (i.e., activity to present oneself as having a certain characteristic) can affect one’s sense and perception of oneself when one believes that the self-presentation is believed by others.

It asserts the importance of mirrors in the formation of the social side of self-concept.

Human babies have the ability to be aware of oneself when they are born.

The ability to recognise the image of oneself in a mirror as a reflection of oneself (mirror self-recognition) develops in humans by about 2 years of age.

The ability for mirror self-recognition has been observed only among primates in captivity and humans.

None of the above is true.

The notion of looking glass self suggests that self-concepts should differ between societies where people have different types of social interaction patterns.

Australians are more likely to have independent self-construal than Americans.

People with independent self-construal are more likely to try to distinguish themselves from others in a positive light.

East Asians with greater exposure to Western cultures tend to report higher levels of self-esteem.

Belonging

control

Self-esteem

All of the above

Impressions are formed on the basis of the cues associated with the target person.

When cues are ambiguous, people form random impressions.

Even when cues are unambiguous, people often try not to form impressions about other people.

All of the above are true.

people under high cognitive load rated the woman as anxious (i.e., dispositional attribution) regardless of the purported topic of her speech.

People without cognitive load rated the woman as anxious only when she was said to be talking about a neutral topic.

Their finding supported the idea that a dispositional attribution is automatic.

Heir finding supported the idea that a correction process is automatic.

The self is the deep underlying true sense of identity that is unlikely to be shaped by society.

The sense of one’s self is concerned with personal identity.

Social identity is a superficial aspect of one’s self consciousness.

All of the above are false.

My politics are Marxist.

I don’t like custard.

I am angry.

. I think the world is flat

The covariation principle states that, “an effect is attributed to a condition that is present when the effect is present, and absent when the effect is absent.”

Consistency indicates the extent to which the person usually behaves in the way he/she is currently behaving.

Distinctiveness indicates the extent to which others in the same situation behave in the same way.

Low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctiveness results in dispositional attribution.

Attitudes toward Rock music

. attitudes toward the Rock band playing at the concert on this Saturday

Attitudes toward going to the concert in the city on this Saturday

attitudes toward going to the concert in the city on this Saturday by public transport

Attitudes tend to predict consistent behaviour when attitudes are accessible.

Attitude accessibility affects behaviour when people are using superficial processes.

Intention predicts behaviour when people are using systematic processes.

All of the above are true.

Both theories suggest that behaviour is influenced by people’s intention to perform the behaviour.

Both theories suggest that intention is influenced by attitudes and subjective norm.

Both theories suggest that attitudes are determined by behavioural beliefs about the consequences of the behaviour (and their evaluations).

Theory of reasoned action includes perceived behavioural control as its important component whereas the theory of planned behaviour does not.

This is an example of a social identity.

John’s attitude toward X is serving a self-esteem maintenance function.

This is a structural feature of John’s attitudes.

John is clearly a utilitarian who is unconcerned about social norms.

When people are forced to perform a behaviour non-voluntarily, their attitudes are likely to change.

When people are induced to perform a behaviour voluntarily in the absence of their prior attitudes, attitudes are unlikely to form, and they would go without attitudes

Some form of emotional engagement is necessary for attitudes to change.

None of the above is true.

Emotion is an important factor in this decision making process.

. If a bystander answers no to any of the steps, he/she will not help.

One of the questions that a bystander has to answer is whether it is his/her responsibility to help.

This model can explain why bystanders often fail to provide help.

Cognitive dissonance is a negative state, which motivates us to reduce it.

My belief that smoking causes cancer and my knowledge of my behaviour that I smoke one packet of cigarettes a day are consonant with each other.

Cognitive dissonance is less likely to be felt in modern societies because modern music uses discords more.

All strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance are irrational.

Showed how people go about concocting reasons for their actions.

Was a landmark study because it measured behavioural intentions.

was a poorly designed study because La Piere was not Chinese.

Was a good example of a general measure of attitude failing to predict a specific behaviour.

Attitudes are formed on the basis of direct experience with the attitude object.

Attitudes are learned when a person is very young

Attitudes are suppressed and kept unconscious.

None of the above

When people have the ability to think carefully about how to behave and are motivated to think carefully, accessible attitudes should predict a behaviour.

Attitudes rarely predict behaviour and therefore generally regarded as a useless concept in social psychology.

Attitudes and behaviour influence each other some of the time, and form a positive feedback loop.

Attitudes and behaviour are separate and parallel processes, which do not influence each other.

Attitudes are likely to change when the behaviour is forced, and is performed involuntarily

Attitudes may change when the existing attitudes are already congruent with the behaviour and the behaviour is performed voluntarily.

Attitudes are unlikely to change if the induced behaviour is incongruent with the existing attitudes.

None of the above is TRUE

Cognitive dissonance should not occur under either condition.

Cognitive dissonance should be greater in the $20 condition than in the $1 condition.

A greater attitude change was observed in the $1 condition than in the $20 condition.

An attitude change occurred when the participants performed the counter-attitudinal behaviour involuntarily

A naïve participant was asked to make a judgment about line lengths after some confederates made judgments in public.

Approximately 25% of the participants never conformed.

The rate of conformity kept rising as the number of confederates who made wrong judgments increased up to six.

. Even when a number of confederates gave an erroneous judgment, if there was one person who gave the right judgment, this reduced the rate of conformity.

A. when people are busy doing other things, they tend to process TV commercials using their central route to persuasion.

when people are going through a peripheral route to persuasion, resultant attitudes are likely to be more enduring and more likely to predict their behaviour than when they are going through a central route.

when people have lots of cognitive resources, but unwilling to process information deeply, they tend to be persuaded by peripheral cues such as source attractiveness.

All of the above are true.

David is citing a reporting bias.

. David is referring to a knowledge bias

David is revealing his nonconscious bias.

. David is showing a fundamental attribution error.

A taken-for-granted background norm.

An injunctive norm

a descriptive norm

. a shared frame of reference.

a. The behaviours of those others are rarely taken into consideration when forming impressions

People’s impressions are almost always biased.

People’s impressions about others influence their behaviour towards those others.

Once impressions are formed, they are impossible to change.

Highly centralised networks mean that everyone occupies a central position.

Those who occupy more central positions tend to act as informal leaders in the network.

Centralization and central positions mean the same thing.

People tend to communicate information that is inconsistent with stereotypes that are shared among the people in a social network.

According to Moscovici, an opinion minority should NOT use the same tactic as an opinion majority to influence others

The blue-green experiment showed that an opinion minority that expressed their opinion consistently could influence a majority’s opinion.

Groupthink can be reduced by establishing a norm that permits group members to voice criticisms.

. All of the above are TRUE.

task performance function

Socioemotional function

social identity function

Knowledge function

Japanese students showed a higher conformity rate when the pressure came from other students in the same sports club.

. Korean advertisements emphasize conformity more than American advertisements

The conformity rate is higher in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures.

University students showed a lower level of conformity than non-students.

A group can create synergies among its members, and perform better than the best of its members.

Group performance can never exceed the potential set by group members.

Group may perform worse than its potential due to coordination losses.

There is an element of social loafing in motivation losses in group settings.

Relative size of an individual person’s neo-cortex is associated with how sociable he or she is.

Among prim50ates, a species’ average relative neo-cortex size is associated with average size of groups in which the species tends to live.

The “natural” human group size is estimated to be approximately 150.

Group living acted as a selective pressure for larger relative neo-cortex size.

People go through role transitions as they enter to, remain in, and exit from a group.

Depending on the phases of group socialisation, people’s levels of commitment to their group rise and fall.

Group socialisation is about how individuals are socialised into groups, and Tuckman’s model is about how task performing groups change over time.

All of the above are true

1111

1111

Are more enduring.

are more resistant to change.

. show stronger attitude-behaviour relationships.

All of the above are TRUE.

A. The boys who participated in the experiment had some psychological problems before they participated in the experiment.

There were incidents of intergroup conflict between the Eagles and the Rattlers.

Boys were more likely to choose their ingroup members as friends than outgroup members.

Cooperation between the groups to work towards a goal that cannot be achieved by each group alone reduced intergroup conflict.