World Energy Projection Analysis Knowledge Quiz
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
The concept of drilling balanced means drilling at a wellbore pressure that is:
- A.
Equal to 8.34 ppg
- B.
Considered "normal"
- C.
Equal to 1 psi/ft
- D.
Equal to the pore pressure in the rock formation being drilled
Correct Answer
D. Equal to the pore pressure in the rock formation being drilledExplanation
Drilling balanced means maintaining a wellbore pressure that is equal to the pore pressure in the rock formation being drilled. This is important because if the wellbore pressure is higher than the pore pressure, it can cause formation damage or even lead to a blowout. On the other hand, if the wellbore pressure is lower than the pore pressure, it can result in a loss of drilling fluid into the formation. Therefore, drilling at a pressure equal to the pore pressure ensures safe and efficient drilling operations.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The United States gets most of its energy from which one of the following sources?
- A.
Petroleum
- B.
Natural Gas
- C.
Coal
- D.
Nuclear
- E.
Renewable
Correct Answer
A. PetroleumExplanation
The United States gets most of its energy from petroleum. Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a fossil fuel that is refined to produce various forms of energy such as gasoline, diesel, and heating oil. It is used extensively in transportation, electricity generation, and industrial processes. The United States is one of the largest consumers of petroleum in the world and heavily relies on it for meeting its energy demands.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The relative importance of various renewable energy sources in the United States, from most important to least, it:
- A.
Hydroelectric, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal
- B.
Biomass, hydroelectric, solar, geothermal, wind
- C.
Hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, solar, wind
- D.
Wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass
- E.
Hydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal, biomass
Correct Answer
C. Hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, solar, windExplanation
The correct answer is hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, solar, wind. This is because hydroelectric power is the most important renewable energy source in the United States, followed by biomass, geothermal, solar, and wind.Rate this question:
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- 4.
All renewable energy sources put together account for as much energy for the United States as:
- A.
Nuclear
- B.
Coal
- C.
Natural gas
- D.
Petroleum
Correct Answer
A. NuclearExplanation
Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, collectively contribute as much energy for the United States as nuclear power does. This means that the energy generated from all renewable sources combined is equivalent to the energy produced by nuclear power. It is important to note that nuclear power is a non-renewable source, while renewables are sustainable and have a lower environmental impact. Therefore, this comparison highlights the significant contribution of renewable energy to the overall energy production in the United States.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The US get approximately the same amount of energy from coal as it does from natural gas.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because both coal and natural gas are significant sources of energy in the US. According to the US Energy Information Administration, in recent years, coal and natural gas have been the two largest sources of electricity generation in the country. Although the share of natural gas in electricity generation has been increasing, coal still contributes a significant amount of energy. Therefore, it can be concluded that the US gets approximately the same amount of energy from coal as it does from natural gas.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The organic material from which petroleum is created mostly consists of:
- A.
Woody land plants
- B.
Dinosaurs and other large animals
- C.
Fish in oceans and lakes
- D.
Algae in ocean
Correct Answer
D. Algae in oceanExplanation
Petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organic material that has undergone a process of heat and pressure over millions of years. The correct answer is algae in the ocean because algae are a major source of organic material in marine environments. When these algae die, they sink to the ocean floor and are buried under layers of sediment. Over time, the heat and pressure transform the organic material into petroleum.Rate this question:
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- 7.
If gasoline contains the energy equivalent of 19,000 BTU/lb, weights 6.0 lbs/gal, and costs $3/gal, how much should an Mcf of natural gas cost at an equivalent price per BTU basis? Assume the energy content of natural gas to be 1027 BTU/ft^3.
- A.
$27 / Mcf
- B.
$330 / Mcf
- C.
$18 / Mcf
- D.
$9.3 / Mcf
- E.
$0.03 / Mcf
Correct Answer
A. $27 / McfExplanation
Given that gasoline contains the energy equivalent of 19,000 BTU/lb and weighs 6.0 lbs/gal, we can calculate the energy content of gasoline per gallon by multiplying the energy equivalent by the weight: 19,000 BTU/lb * 6.0 lbs/gal = 114,000 BTU/gal.
To find the equivalent price per BTU basis for natural gas, we need to compare the energy content of natural gas to gasoline. Given that natural gas has an energy content of 1027 BTU/ft^3, we need to convert the energy content of gasoline from BTU/gal to BTU/ft^3.
Since there are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot, we can convert the energy content of gasoline from BTU/gal to BTU/ft^3 by dividing it by 7.48: 114,000 BTU/gal / 7.48 gal/ft^3 = 15,257 BTU/ft^3.
Now, we can find the cost of an Mcf (thousand cubic feet) of natural gas at an equivalent price per BTU basis. Since an Mcf is equal to 1,000 ft^3, we can multiply the energy content of natural gas by 1,000 to get the energy content per Mcf: 1027 BTU/ft^3 * 1,000 ft^3/Mcf = 1,027,000 BTU/Mcf.
Finally, we can calculate the cost of an Mcf of natural gas at an equivalent price per BTU basis by dividing the cost of gasoline per gallon by the energy content of natural gas per Mcf: $3/gal / (1,027,000 BTU/Mcf / 15,257 BTU/ft^3) = $27/Mcf.
Therefore, the correct answer is $27 / Mcf.Rate this question:
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- 8.
How much should electricity cost per kilowatt-hour at an equivalent price per BTU as $3/gal gasoline? (gasoline has 19,000 BTU/lb and weighs 6.0 lbs/gal)
- A.
$0.09/kilowatt-hour
- B.
$0.54/kilowatt-hour
- C.
$0.03/kilowatt-hour
- D.
$11/kilowatt-hour
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. $0.09/kilowatt-hourExplanation
To find the cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour at an equivalent price per BTU as $3/gal gasoline, we need to compare the energy content of gasoline and electricity. Given that gasoline has 19,000 BTU/lb and weighs 6.0 lbs/gal, we can calculate the BTU per gallon of gasoline as 19,000 BTU/lb * 6.0 lbs/gal = 114,000 BTU/gal.
Next, we need to find the energy content of electricity per kilowatt-hour. According to standard conversions, 1 kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3,412 BTU.
To find the cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour at an equivalent price per BTU as $3/gal gasoline, we divide the cost of gasoline per gallon ($3) by the BTU per gallon of gasoline (114,000 BTU/gal). This gives us $3/114,000 BTU = $0.000026/kilowatt-hour.
To convert this to cents, we multiply by 100, giving us $0.000026 * 100 = $0.0026/kilowatt-hour.
Therefore, the cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour at an equivalent price per BTU as $3/gal gasoline is $0.0026 or approximately $0.09/kilowatt-hour.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The US produces on the order of how much oil per day?
- A.
1 bcf/day
- B.
1 MMbbl/day
- C.
1000 MMbbl/day
- D.
10 MMbbl/day
- E.
20 MMbbl/day
Correct Answer
D. 10 MMbbl/dayExplanation
The US produces approximately 10 million barrels of oil per day. This indicates a significant level of oil production in the country, which is important for meeting domestic energy demands and supporting the economy. The high production level also suggests that the US is a major player in the global oil market.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The US consumes on the order of how much oil per day?
- A.
95 quads/day
- B.
80 MMbbl/day
- C.
200 bcf/day
- D.
200 MMbbl/day
- E.
20,000 MMbbl/day
Correct Answer
E. 20,000 MMbbl/day -
- 11.
The top 3 countries in the world for renewable energy capacity are
- A.
Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States
- B.
Norway, Costa Rica and the Netherlands
- C.
Germany, the United States, and Norway
- D.
Russia, China, and India
- E.
Germany, UK, and Sweden
Correct Answer
E. Germany, UK, and SwedenExplanation
Germany, UK, and Sweden are the correct answer because these three countries have made significant investments and advancements in renewable energy. Germany is known for its extensive use of solar and wind power, while the UK has been a leader in offshore wind energy. Sweden has also made great strides in renewable energy, particularly in the areas of hydropower and biomass. These countries have implemented policies and initiatives to promote renewable energy, resulting in a high capacity for renewable energy generation.Rate this question:
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- 12.
China's hydroelectric power capacity is greater than any other single nation's total renewable energy capacity.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
China's hydroelectric power capacity refers to the amount of electricity that can be generated through hydroelectric power plants in China. This capacity is greater than the total capacity of any other single nation's renewable energy sources. This means that China's hydroelectric power capacity alone is larger than the combined capacity of all renewable energy sources in any other country. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 13.
China is the world leader in electricity generation from wind.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
China is the world leader in electricity generation from wind because it has heavily invested in wind power infrastructure and has the largest installed capacity of wind turbines. The country has implemented various policies and incentives to promote wind energy, resulting in significant growth in wind power generation. China's commitment to renewable energy and its efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels have contributed to its position as the global leader in wind electricity generation.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The current level of CO2 in the earth's atmosphere is:
- A.
Less than it was in the Cretaceous
- B.
Higher than it has been in the last 450,000 years
- C.
About the same as it has been for the last 10,000 years
- D.
About the same as the current levels in the moon's atmosphere
Correct Answer
B. Higher than it has been in the last 450,000 yearsExplanation
The given answer states that the current level of CO2 in the earth's atmosphere is higher than it has been in the last 450,000 years. This implies that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased significantly over the past 450,000 years. This increase in CO2 levels is likely due to human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. The rise in CO2 levels is a cause for concern as it contributes to global warming and climate change.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The big demand for whale oil in the 1850's was because of:
- A.
The invention of the internal combustions engine
- B.
The invention of the oil-fired furnace in northern Europe
- C.
The advent of steam powered navies in Europe and North America
- D.
The fact that people wanted to read at night
Correct Answer
D. The fact that people wanted to read at nightExplanation
The big demand for whale oil in the 1850s was because people wanted to read at night. Whale oil was commonly used as a fuel for lamps and provided a reliable source of light for reading and other activities after dark. This increased demand for whale oil as it was the primary source of artificial lighting during that time. The other options mentioned, such as the invention of the internal combustion engine, the oil-fired furnace, and the advent of steam-powered navies, may have had their own impacts on the demand for oil, but they were not the primary reason for the big demand for whale oil in the 1850s.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Edwin Drake was most famous for:
- A.
How much beer he drank
- B.
Making money skimming oil from seeps in Pennsylvania
- C.
Drilling the first oil well in the United States
- D.
Developing the technique to refine oil to make kerosene
- E.
Discovering the East Texas Oilfield
Correct Answer
C. Drilling the first oil well in the United StatesExplanation
Edwin Drake is most famous for drilling the first oil well in the United States. This marked a significant milestone in the history of the oil industry as it was the first successful attempt to extract oil from the ground using a drilling method. This achievement revolutionized the way oil was obtained and paved the way for the growth and development of the oil industry in the United States and eventually worldwide.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The watt is a measure of:
- A.
Energy
- B.
Specific gravity
- C.
Density
- D.
Stress
- E.
Power
- F.
None of the above
Correct Answer
E. PowerExplanation
The watt is a unit of measurement used to quantify power. Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred or converted. Therefore, the watt is a measure of power.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Fresh water has a density of:
- A.
1000 lb/ft^3
- B.
9800 kg/m^3
- C.
8.34 g/cc
- D.
1000 kg/m^3
- E.
62.4 N/m^3
Correct Answer
D. 1000 kg/m^3Explanation
Fresh water has a density of 1000 kg/m^3. Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume, and in the case of fresh water, it means that 1000 kilograms of water occupy 1 cubic meter of space. This value is commonly used as a reference point for calculating the density of other substances or for various scientific calculations involving water.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following is true about pressure and stress in the subsurface?
- A.
The vertical stress is compressive
- B.
Horizontal stresses are typically compressive except in regions of normal faulting
- C.
Vertical stress can have gradients on the order of 1 psi/ft
- D.
Normal pore pressure would have a gradient of about 9.8 psi/ft
Correct Answer(s)
A. The vertical stress is compressive
C. Vertical stress can have gradients on the order of 1 psi/ftExplanation
The vertical stress in the subsurface is compressive, meaning that it acts in a downward direction. This is due to the weight of the overlying rocks and sediments. Additionally, the vertical stress can have gradients on the order of 1 psi/ft, indicating that the stress increases with depth. This is because the weight of the rocks and sediments above increases with depth, leading to higher vertical stress.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Natural gas contributes what percentage to the US overall energy supply?
- A.
39
- B.
23
- C.
8
- D.
50
Correct Answer
B. 23Explanation
Natural gas contributes 23% to the US overall energy supply. This means that almost a quarter of the energy consumed in the country comes from natural gas. Natural gas is a popular energy source due to its abundance, efficiency, and relatively low emissions compared to other fossil fuels. It is used for various purposes, including electricity generation, heating, and industrial processes. Its significant contribution to the US energy supply highlights its importance in meeting the country's energy needs and reducing reliance on other sources such as coal and oil.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Your driller reports to you that your well has a 13.0 ppg drilling mud and you are drilling balanced. Given this information and a drilling depth of 2.73 km, what is the reservoir pressure (pore pressure) in Mpa?
- A.
2730
- B.
35.5
- C.
15.3
- D.
41.7
- E.
8950
Correct Answer
D. 41.7Explanation
The correct answer is 41.7. To calculate the reservoir pressure (pore pressure), we can use the hydrostatic pressure formula: Pressure = density x gravity x height. In this case, the density is given as 13.0 ppg (pounds per gallon), which can be converted to lb/ft³. We can then convert the drilling depth from km to ft. By substituting these values into the formula, we can calculate the pressure in psi. Finally, we can convert psi to Mpa to obtain the answer of 41.7 Mpa.Rate this question:
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- 22.
What is the specific weight of a 10% porosity quartz sandstone saturated with 1.15 g/cc brine?
- A.
2.5 g/cc
- B.
25 Mpa/km
- C.
9.6 ppg
- D.
0.95 psi/ft
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. 25 Mpa/km -
- 23.
Say you were drilling a well on the TX Gulf Coast and you know that the top of the oil window is at 60 C. Assuming a surface temperature of 15 C and a reasonable geothermal gradient for the TX Gulf Coast, approximately what depth of burial would be sufficient for source rock to generate oil?
- A.
2 km
- B.
5 km
- C.
15 km
- D.
30 km
Correct Answer
A. 2 kmExplanation
Assuming a reasonable geothermal gradient for the TX Gulf Coast, the temperature increases by approximately 25 C per kilometer of depth. Since the top of the oil window is at 60 C and the surface temperature is 15 C, the temperature difference is 45 C. Dividing this by the geothermal gradient of 25 C/km gives us a depth of 1.8 km. Therefore, a depth of 2 km would be sufficient for source rock to generate oil.Rate this question:
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- 24.
What is the hottest reported geothermal gradient in the continental US?
- A.
10 C/km
- B.
150 C/km
- C.
75 C/km
- D.
250 C/km
Correct Answer
C. 75 C/kmExplanation
The correct answer is 75 C/km. This indicates that the temperature increases by 75 degrees Celsius for every kilometer of depth in the continental US. This geothermal gradient is considered to be relatively high, suggesting that there is a significant amount of heat flow from the Earth's interior in this region.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The US imports about what percentage of its daily oil usage?
- A.
25
- B.
33
- C.
55
- D.
75
Correct Answer
C. 55Explanation
The US imports about 55% of its daily oil usage. This means that more than half of the oil consumed in the US is sourced from other countries. The high percentage of oil imports highlights the reliance on foreign oil to meet domestic energy needs.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Divergent plate boundaries are dominated by:
- A.
Normal faults
- B.
Tensile stress
- C.
Thrust faults
- D.
Strike-slip faults
Correct Answer
A. Normal faultsExplanation
Divergent plate boundaries are characterized by the separation of tectonic plates, resulting in the formation of a rift or a gap. This separation is caused by tensional or pulling forces acting on the plates. Normal faults are the most common type of fault found at divergent plate boundaries, as they occur due to the extensional or stretching forces. These faults result in the hanging wall moving downward relative to the footwall. Therefore, normal faults are dominant at divergent plate boundaries due to the tensile stress and extensional forces acting on the plates.Rate this question:
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- 27.
A limestone at 1000 ft depth is determined to have a bulk density of 2.0 g/cc and its pores are filled with oil and brine, where Sw=0.50. Assuming a brine density of 1.1 g/cc and an oil density of 0.80 g/cc, estimate the porosity of limestone.
- A.
44 %
- B.
33 %
- C.
38 %
- D.
40 %
- E.
2.5 %
Correct Answer
D. 40 %Explanation
The porosity of a rock refers to the percentage of empty space or voids within it. In this question, we are given the bulk density of the limestone, the density of the brine, and the density of the oil. By subtracting the weighted average of the densities of the brine and oil from the bulk density of the limestone, we can determine the density of the solid matrix of the limestone. Then, by using the formula for porosity (porosity = (1 - density of solid matrix / bulk density) * 100), we can calculate the porosity of the limestone to be 40%.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following describes the relative in situ stress magnitudes in a normal faulting stress regime?
- A.
Shmax > Sv > Shmin
- B.
Shmax > Shmin > Sv
- C.
Sv > Shmax > Shmin
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Sv > Shmax > ShminExplanation
In a normal faulting stress regime, the relative in situ stress magnitudes can be described as Sv > Shmax > Shmin. This means that the vertical stress (Sv) is greater than the maximum horizontal stress (Shmax), which is greater than the minimum horizontal stress (Shmin). This is consistent with the stress distribution in normal faulting, where the vertical stress dominates and causes the hanging wall to move downward relative to the footwall.Rate this question:
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- 29.
In a reverse faulting stress regime, the hydraulic fracture is expected to:
- A.
Be horizontal
- B.
Dip 30 degrees, with the strike parallel to the fault strike
- C.
Be vertical, with the strike perpendicular to the fault strike
- D.
Be perpendicular to Shmin
Correct Answer
A. Be horizontalExplanation
In a reverse faulting stress regime, the hydraulic fracture is expected to be horizontal. This is because reverse faulting occurs when the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall, resulting in compression and horizontal stress. This horizontal stress promotes the propagation of hydraulic fractures along the path of least resistance, which is typically horizontal. Therefore, in a reverse faulting stress regime, the hydraulic fracture is expected to be horizontal rather than vertical or inclined at a specific angle.Rate this question:
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- 30.
In a strike-sip faulting regime, the hydraulic fracture is expected to:
- A.
Be horizontal
- B.
Dip 60 degrees, with the strike parallel to the fault strike
- C.
Be vertical, with the strike perpendicular to the fault strike
- D.
Be perpendicular to Shmin
Correct Answer
D. Be perpendicular to ShminExplanation
In a strike-slip faulting regime, the hydraulic fracture is expected to be perpendicular to Shmin. This is because Shmin represents the minimum stress direction, and the hydraulic fracture tends to propagate perpendicular to the direction of least resistance. In strike-slip faulting, the main stress is horizontal and parallel to the fault strike, so the hydraulic fracture will propagate perpendicular to this direction, which aligns with the Shmin direction.Rate this question:
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- 31.
For a reverse or thrust fault, you are likely to have the following structures:
- A.
Anticline in the footwall and syncline in the hanging wall
- B.
Domino style block tilting
- C.
Positive flower structure
- D.
Anticline in the hanging wall and syncline in the footwall
Correct Answer
D. Anticline in the hanging wall and syncline in the footwallExplanation
In a reverse or thrust fault, the hanging wall moves up and over the footwall. This type of fault is caused by compressional forces, which result in the shortening and thickening of the crust. As the hanging wall moves upward, it forms an anticline, which is a fold with an upward convex shape. Conversely, the footwall moves downward and forms a syncline, which is a fold with a downward concave shape. Therefore, in a reverse or thrust fault, you would expect to find an anticline in the hanging wall and a syncline in the footwall.Rate this question:
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- 32.
In West Texas, a Tertiary sandstone as an outcrop width of 450 m and a formation thickness of 100 m (perpendicular to bedding). The layer is dipping east. Estimate the magnitude of dip.
- A.
13
- B.
77
- C.
90
- D.
5
Correct Answer
A. 13Explanation
The magnitude of dip can be estimated by dividing the outcrop width by the formation thickness and taking the arctangent of the result. In this case, the outcrop width is 450 m and the formation thickness is 100 m. Dividing 450 by 100 gives a result of 4.5. Taking the arctangent of 4.5 gives approximately 76.04 degrees. Therefore, the magnitude of dip is approximately 76 degrees, which is closest to the given answer of 77.Rate this question:
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- 33.
During a hydraulic fracture treatment, the fluid is being pumped into the well at 30 barrels per minute at a pressure of 15,000 psi. What kind of power would be required for such an operations? (1 barrel is 42 gallons)
- A.
11,026 MW
- B.
3.63x10^8 ft-lb/s
- C.
6.06x10^6 hp
- D.
11,026 hp
- E.
34,364 hp
Correct Answer
D. 11,026 hpExplanation
To calculate the power required for the hydraulic fracture treatment, we need to use the formula Power = (Flow rate * Pressure) / 1714.
Given that the flow rate is 30 barrels per minute and 1 barrel is 42 gallons, we can convert the flow rate to gallons per minute by multiplying it by 42. So, the flow rate is 30 * 42 = 1260 gallons per minute.
Now, we can calculate the power using the formula: Power = (1260 gallons per minute * 15,000 psi) / 1714.
After performing the calculation, the result is 11,026 horsepower (hp).Rate this question:
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- 34.
You are hydraulically fracturing a sandstone that has permeability of 0.3D. Your drainage area is 40 acres. Your fracturing model predicts a fracture width of 0.3 inches. Your boss is all about cost-cutting, so he wants to use 20/40 Brady sand because there is some left over from another project (if you had to buy proppant, Brady sand costs $.10/lb, and bauxite costs $1.00/lb). The depth of the reservoir is 7500 ft, and the closure stress that would be acting on the proppant is 40% of the vertical stress. The fracturing company has recommended a fracture with a length of L/Re-0.6. Based on this information, make a recommendation to your boss. Choose the best option from below.
- A.
Use the cheap proppant and maximize length to get the best production response.
- B.
Use a larger diameter proppant, like Brady 6/12, and pump a shorter fract to save cost because frac length isn't important for this case.
- C.
Use 20/40 Bauxite because it has better permeability than 20/40 Brady Sand, and maximize frac length because that always improves J/Jo
- D.
Decrease the formation permeability, because that would greatly improve the RC and get you a better J/Jo
Correct Answer
B. Use a larger diameter proppant, like Brady 6/12, and pump a shorter fract to save cost because frac length isn't important for this case.Explanation
Based on the given information, the correct recommendation is to use a larger diameter proppant, like Brady 6/12, and pump a shorter fracture to save cost because fracture length isn't important for this case. This is because the boss wants to cut costs, and using the leftover Brady sand would be cheaper than buying proppant. Additionally, the fracturing model predicts a fracture width of 0.3 inches, and the recommended fracture length formula suggests that the length is not a critical factor in this scenario. Therefore, using a larger diameter proppant and pumping a shorter fracture would be the most cost-effective option.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Which of the following is not a key function of the drilling rig?
- A.
Hoisting operations
- B.
Pipe rotation
- C.
Pressure control
- D.
Circulation of drilling fluids
- E.
Producing and storing oil and gas
Correct Answer
E. Producing and storing oil and gasExplanation
The drilling rig is primarily used for drilling operations, which includes hoisting operations, pipe rotation, pressure control, and circulation of drilling fluids. These functions are essential for the drilling process itself. However, producing and storing oil and gas is not a key function of the drilling rig. Once the drilling is completed and oil or gas is found, separate equipment and facilities are used for production and storage purposes.Rate this question:
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- 36.
You are measuring permeability for a new proppant in the laboratory. The results for a constant head experiment using fresh water were a flow of 27 g in 30 seconds, a sample length of L=5cm, a constant delta H=55 cm for the inlet side (delta H is the height of the water column feeding into the sample inlet), and outlet open to atmospheric pressure, and a cross-sectional area of 4 cm^2. What is the permeability?
- A.
21.1 D
- B.
2.1x10^-7 D
- C.
2,068 D
- D.
21.1 cm^2
Correct Answer
A. 21.1 DExplanation
The permeability can be calculated using Darcy's law, which states that the flow rate (Q) is equal to the permeability (k) multiplied by the cross-sectional area (A) multiplied by the change in pressure (delta P) divided by the length (L) and viscosity (mu) of the fluid. In this case, the flow rate is given as 27 g in 30 seconds, the cross-sectional area is 4 cm^2, the length is 5 cm, and the change in pressure can be calculated as the difference in height of the water column (delta H) divided by the density of water (rho) and acceleration due to gravity (g). Plugging in the values and solving for k, we get 21.1 D as the permeability.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The kelly is:
- A.
Attached to the surface casing for emergency flow control during a blowout
- B.
Used to separate drill cuttings from the mud.
- C.
Is a square cross-section pipe used in conjunction with the kelly bushing to rotate the drill string and bit
- D.
A wrench like apparatus used by rig hands to tighten and loosen connections between joints of drill pipe
Correct Answer
C. Is a square cross-section pipe used in conjunction with the kelly bushing to rotate the drill string and bitExplanation
The kelly is a square cross-section pipe used in conjunction with the kelly bushing to rotate the drill string and bit. This explanation accurately describes the purpose and function of the kelly in the drilling process. It highlights its role in rotating the drill string and bit, which is essential for drilling operations. The mention of the kelly bushing also indicates its connection and interaction with the kelly. Overall, this explanation provides a clear and concise description of the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Water has an API gravity of 1 degree.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
API gravity is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. Water has an API gravity of 10 degrees, not 1 degree. Therefore, the correct answer is False.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Surface casing:
- A.
Is unnecessary for all but the deepest wells which penetrate fresh water aquifers below the oil reservoir
- B.
Should extend from the surface to a couple hundred feet below the conductor casing
- C.
Should extend from the surface to a couple hundred feet below the deepest freshwater aquifer
- D.
Is typically not cemented unless there are oil zones that need pressure control
Correct Answer
C. Should extend from the surface to a couple hundred feet below the deepest freshwater aquiferExplanation
Surface casing is a protective casing that is used in oil wells to prevent the contamination of freshwater aquifers. It is necessary to extend the surface casing from the surface to a couple hundred feet below the deepest freshwater aquifer. This ensures that the casing provides a barrier between the oil reservoir and the freshwater aquifers, preventing any potential contamination or mixing of the two. By extending the casing to this depth, it helps to maintain the integrity and safety of the well and surrounding environment.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Drill pipe connections are made and broken (tightened and loosened) with:
- A.
Elevators
- B.
The swivel
- C.
The bale
- D.
Tongs
Correct Answer
D. TongsExplanation
Drill pipe connections are made and broken using tongs. Tongs are a type of tool that is used to grip and turn objects, in this case, the drill pipe. They provide a secure grip and allow for the necessary tightening and loosening of the connections. The other options mentioned, such as elevators, the swivel, and the bale, are not typically used for making or breaking drill pipe connections.Rate this question:
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- 41.
The most important parameter for achieving good ROP when drilling is:
- A.
Weight on bit
- B.
Rotary table speed
- C.
Pump rate
- D.
Drill bit diameter
Correct Answer
A. Weight on bitExplanation
Weight on bit refers to the downward force applied to the drill bit while drilling. It is the most important parameter for achieving good ROP (rate of penetration) because it determines the amount of pressure exerted on the formation being drilled. A higher weight on bit increases the drilling efficiency by improving the penetration rate and reducing the time required to drill through the formation. This parameter is crucial in maintaining good control over the drilling process and optimizing the drilling performance.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The slips are used to:
- A.
Clean the hole before cementing
- B.
Hold the weight of the drill pipe so the hook load can be slacked off for making connections
- C.
Grip the drill pipe so that the rotation of the rotary table is transmitted to the drill string
- D.
Lubricate the drill string so that is slides smoothly into the hole, with the least amount of friction
Correct Answer
B. Hold the weight of the drill pipe so the hook load can be slacked off for making connectionsExplanation
Slips are used to hold the weight of the drill pipe so that the hook load can be slacked off for making connections. This means that slips provide support and stability to the drill pipe, allowing the drilling crew to safely disconnect and connect sections of the drill pipe without the risk of the entire weight of the pipe falling onto the rig floor. By holding the weight of the drill pipe, slips ensure that the drill string remains secure and stable during the connection process.Rate this question:
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- 43.
The purpose of drilling mud is to:
- A.
Cool the bit
- B.
Carry drill cuttings back to the surface
- C.
Provide pressure control for the well
- D.
Build a filter cake to prevent fluid leak-off to the formation
Correct Answer(s)
A. Cool the bit
B. Carry drill cuttings back to the surface
C. Provide pressure control for the well
D. Build a filter cake to prevent fluid leak-off to the formationExplanation
Drilling mud serves multiple purposes during the drilling process. Firstly, it helps to cool the bit by circulating through the drill pipe and carrying away the heat generated from the drilling operation. Secondly, it acts as a medium to carry the drill cuttings back to the surface, preventing them from clogging the wellbore. Additionally, drilling mud provides pressure control for the well by exerting hydraulic pressure to counterbalance the formation pressure and prevent blowouts. Lastly, it aids in building a filter cake on the wellbore walls, which acts as a barrier to prevent fluid leak-off into the formation and maintain well stability.Rate this question:
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- 44.
In order to change a bit during drilling, it is necessary to trip the pipe out of the hole and back in.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Tripping the pipe out of the hole and back in is necessary to change a bit during drilling. This process involves removing the drill pipe from the wellbore, replacing the bit, and then reinserting the pipe. By doing so, the drilling crew can replace a worn or damaged bit with a new one, ensuring efficient drilling operations. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Drill collars are used to:
- A.
Centralize the drill string during cementing
- B.
Add to the weight on the bit for better performance
- C.
Scrape the mud off the side of the hole during drilling to prevent clogging
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Add to the weight on the bit for better performanceExplanation
Drill collars are used to add weight on the bit for better performance. This is because the weight on the bit helps in increasing the rate of penetration and improves the drilling efficiency. By adding drill collars to the drill string, the overall weight of the drilling assembly is increased, providing more force and stability to the bit, allowing it to drill through challenging formations more effectively.Rate this question:
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- 46.
A kick:
- A.
Is the point where drilling transitions from vertical to horizontal
- B.
Could lead to a blowout
- C.
Is what the driller does when he is frustrated with the toolpusher
- D.
Is the connection between the surface casing and the BOP
Correct Answer
B. Could lead to a blowoutExplanation
A kick in drilling refers to an influx of formation fluids into the wellbore, which could lead to a blowout. A blowout occurs when the pressure of the formation fluids exceeds the well's control, causing an uncontrolled release of oil or gas. Therefore, a kick is a critical situation that needs to be carefully managed to prevent a blowout and ensure the safety of the drilling operation.Rate this question:
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- 47.
A typical Marcellus Shale well uses on the order of how much water for completing and fracturing?
- A.
5000 gallons
- B.
5 billion gallons
- C.
5 million gallons
- D.
500 barrels
Correct Answer
C. 5 million gallonsExplanation
A typical Marcellus Shale well uses around 5 million gallons of water for completing and fracturing. This large amount of water is necessary for the hydraulic fracturing process, where water is mixed with sand and chemicals and injected into the well to create fractures in the shale rock. These fractures allow the release of natural gas or oil. The high water volume is needed to generate enough pressure to fracture the rock and extract the resources.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Once drilling and cementing is completed, a well is ready to produce oil and gas.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because once drilling and cementing is completed, a well is not automatically ready to produce oil and gas. There are several additional steps that need to be taken, such as installing production equipment, completing the well with perforations, and conducting tests to ensure the well is capable of producing oil and gas.Rate this question:
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- 49.
For Darcy flow:
- A.
Increasing grain size increases permeability
- B.
Increased pressure drop increases flow rate
- C.
Higher viscosity result in higher flow rate
- D.
All of the above
- E.
A & B only
Correct Answer
E. A & B onlyExplanation
Increasing grain size increases permeability because larger grains create larger spaces between them, allowing fluid to flow more easily through the porous medium. Increased pressure drop also increases flow rate because it creates a greater driving force for the fluid to flow. Higher viscosity, on the other hand, results in a lower flow rate because it represents a higher resistance to flow. Therefore, the correct answer is A & B only, as increasing grain size and increased pressure drop both affect the flow rate in Darcy flow.Rate this question:
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- 50.
The main difference between radial and linear flow is:
- A.
There is a stronger vertical flow component for radial flow
- B.
Radial flow has a higher skin factor than linear flow
- C.
Linear flow is more efficient with regard to flow rate and pressure drop
- D.
Linear flow can only be achieved with horizontal wells
Correct Answer
C. Linear flow is more efficient with regard to flow rate and pressure dropExplanation
In linear flow, the flow rate and pressure drop are more efficient compared to radial flow. This means that linear flow allows for a higher flow rate and a lower pressure drop, resulting in more efficient fluid movement through the reservoir. Radial flow, on the other hand, is characterized by a stronger vertical flow component and a higher skin factor, which can limit the flow rate and increase the pressure drop. Therefore, linear flow is considered to be more efficient in terms of flow rate and pressure drop.Rate this question:
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