Patti's Quiz Part 1
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Bile is composed of 97 % of what 3 things?
- A.
Bile salts and pigments
- B.
Inorganic salts
- C.
Bilirubin
- D.
Water
- E.
Organic salts
Correct Answer(s)
A. Bile salts and pigments
B. Inorganic salts
D. WaterExplanation
Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It is composed of several components, including bile salts and pigments, inorganic salts, and water. Bile salts help in the digestion and absorption of fats, while pigments give bile its characteristic color. Inorganic salts help maintain the pH balance of bile, and water makes up a significant portion of bile, aiding in the transportation of bile through the digestive system. Therefore, the correct answer is bile salts and pigments, inorganic salts, and water.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Bilirubin molecules attach to _____ and are transported to liver.
Correct Answer(s)
albuminExplanation
Bilirubin molecules attach to albumin, a protein found in the blood, and are transported to the liver. Albumin acts as a carrier molecule, binding to bilirubin and ensuring its safe transport to the liver for further processing and elimination. This process is important for the metabolism and excretion of bilirubin, a waste product formed from the breakdown of red blood cells.Rate this question:
- 3.
All of the following are results of serum bilirubin elevation, except...
- A.
Body secretions
- B.
Jaundice
- C.
Cirrhosis
- D.
Sclerae
Correct Answer
C. CirrhosisExplanation
Elevation of serum bilirubin levels can result in various symptoms and conditions. Body secretions, jaundice, and sclerae (yellowing of the eyes) are all known consequences of increased serum bilirubin. However, cirrhosis is not directly caused by elevated bilirubin levels. Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that can have multiple causes, including alcohol abuse, hepatitis, and fatty liver disease. While liver dysfunction can contribute to bilirubin elevation, it is not the primary result of this condition.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Bile salts are formed from ______ within hepatocytes.
- A.
Fats
- B.
Proteins
- C.
Amino acids
- D.
Cholesterol
Correct Answer
D. CholesterolExplanation
Bile salts are formed from cholesterol within hepatocytes. Cholesterol is converted into bile salts in the liver and then released into the bile. Bile salts play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. They help in emulsifying fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets, which increases the surface area for enzymes to act upon. This aids in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Therefore, cholesterol is the precursor for the synthesis of bile salts in hepatocytes.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Rise in serum bilirubin levels gives skin a jaundiced or yellow color.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
When the level of bilirubin in the blood increases, it can lead to a condition called jaundice. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. Normally, the liver processes and excretes bilirubin, but if the liver is not functioning properly, it can accumulate in the body, causing the skin and eyes to turn yellow. Therefore, it is true that a rise in serum bilirubin levels can give the skin a jaundiced or yellow color.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Echogenic bile indicates ______.
- A.
Liver disease
- B.
Stasis
- C.
Cell necrosis
- D.
Mononucleosis
Correct Answer
B. StasisExplanation
Echogenic bile indicates stasis. Stasis refers to a condition where there is a slowdown or cessation of the normal flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and intestines. Echogenicity refers to the ability of a substance to reflect ultrasound waves, and in this case, it indicates that the bile has become thickened or stagnant. This can be a sign of various conditions such as gallstones, liver disease, or obstruction in the bile ducts.Rate this question:
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- 7.
3 ways bile cycle is disturbed
- A.
Blockage of ducts leading from cells
- B.
Excessive RBC destruction
- C.
Bile travels in opposite direction to prevent mixing
- D.
Malfunction of liver cells
Correct Answer(s)
A. Blockage of ducts leading from cells
B. Excessive RBC destruction
D. Malfunction of liver cellsExplanation
The bile cycle can be disturbed in three ways. Firstly, blockage of ducts leading from cells can prevent the normal flow of bile, leading to a disruption in the cycle. Secondly, excessive red blood cell (RBC) destruction can result in an increased production of bilirubin, which can overload the liver and disrupt the bile cycle. Lastly, a malfunction of liver cells can impair the liver's ability to produce and secrete bile, causing a disturbance in the cycle. These three factors can all contribute to a disruption in the normal functioning of the bile cycle.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Albumin transports ____ and ______ and is responsible for plasma osmotic pressure.
- A.
Oxygen
- B.
Hormones
- C.
Pyruvate acid
- D.
Fatty acids
Correct Answer(s)
B. Hormones
D. Fatty acidsExplanation
Albumin is a protein found in blood plasma that plays a crucial role in transporting various substances. It binds to hormones and fatty acids, allowing them to be transported throughout the body. Additionally, albumin helps maintain plasma osmotic pressure, which is important for regulating the movement of fluids between blood vessels and tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is hormones and fatty acids.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Liver is only organ that can secrete _____ into the blood when it exceeds blood level.
Correct Answer(s)
glucoseExplanation
The liver is the only organ that can secrete glucose into the blood when its level exceeds the normal blood level. This process is known as glycogenolysis, where the liver breaks down glycogen stored in its cells into glucose and releases it into the bloodstream. This helps maintain a stable blood sugar level and provides a source of energy for the body. No other organ has the ability to secrete glucose in this way.Rate this question:
- 10.
Globulins are hormones that transport enzymes.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Globulins are enzymes that transport hormones.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Fibrinogen used in blood clotting.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Fibrinogen is a protein that plays a crucial role in blood clotting. When there is an injury or damage to a blood vessel, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh-like structure to trap platelets and form a blood clot. This clot helps to stop bleeding and promote wound healing. Therefore, it is correct to say that fibrinogen is used in blood clotting.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Liver achieve metabolic interconversion among which 3 things?
- A.
Amino acids
- B.
Fats
- C.
Carbohydrates
- D.
Glucose
- E.
Proteins
Correct Answer(s)
B. Fats
C. Carbohydrates
E. ProteinsExplanation
The liver is responsible for achieving metabolic interconversion among fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. It plays a crucial role in the breakdown and synthesis of these macronutrients. Fats are converted into energy or stored for later use, carbohydrates are converted into glucose for energy production, and proteins are broken down into amino acids, which can be used for various metabolic processes in the body. The liver's ability to interconvert these substances is essential for maintaining overall metabolic balance and ensuring proper functioning of the body.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Glucose can be produced by _____ broken down to form amino acids.
Correct Answer(s)
proteinsExplanation
Proteins can be broken down into their constituent amino acids through a process called protein digestion. Once the proteins are broken down, the amino acids can be used by the body for various purposes, including the synthesis of glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis. Therefore, proteins can serve as a source for the production of glucose in the body.Rate this question:
- 14.
This is suspected in patients who have masslike hypoechoic areas in typical location that would normally have increased echogenicity. Common areas of this are seen anterior to gallbladder or portal vein, or posterior of left lobe.
Correct Answer(s)
Focal sparingExplanation
Focal sparing refers to the presence of small areas within an organ that appear normal or have increased echogenicity compared to the surrounding tissue. In this case, the question suggests that there are masslike hypoechoic areas in typical locations where increased echogenicity is expected. Focal sparing explains the presence of these normal or increased echogenicity areas within the hypoechoic masses.Rate this question:
- 15.
What increases with cholestasis?
- A.
Alk phos
- B.
Indirect bilirubin
- C.
AST
- D.
Direct bilirubin
Correct Answer(s)
A. Alk phos
D. Direct bilirubinExplanation
Cholestasis is a condition characterized by the impaired flow of bile from the liver, leading to a buildup of bilirubin and other substances in the blood. Alkaline phosphatase (Alk phos) is an enzyme found in high levels in the liver and bile ducts, and its levels increase with cholestasis. Direct bilirubin, which is a breakdown product of hemoglobin, also increases with cholestasis as it is not properly excreted into the bile. Therefore, the correct answer is Alk phos and direct bilirubin.Rate this question:
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- 16.
BUN measures what in blood?
- A.
Nutrients
- B.
Oxygen
- C.
Urea
- D.
Plasma proteins
Correct Answer
C. UreaExplanation
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) measures the amount of urea in the blood. Urea is a waste product that is formed in the liver when the body breaks down proteins. It is then filtered out by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Elevated BUN levels can indicate kidney dysfunction or dehydration, while low BUN levels can be a sign of malnutrition or liver disease. Therefore, BUN is a useful indicator of kidney and liver function.Rate this question:
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- 17.
When hepatocytes are involved. Treated with supportive measures and drugs.
Correct Answer
hepatocellular diseaseExplanation
This answer suggests that when hepatocytes (liver cells) are involved in a disease, the treatment approach involves supportive measures and the use of drugs. This indicates that hepatocellular disease refers to a condition affecting the liver cells, which requires supportive care and medication for management.Rate this question:
- 18.
Hepatocytes packed in walls of cells that are separated by these:
- A.
Blood sinusoids
- B.
Arteries
- C.
Veins
- D.
Ligaments
Correct Answer
A. Blood sinusoidsExplanation
Hepatocytes are liver cells that are tightly packed together in the walls of structures called blood sinusoids. Blood sinusoids are specialized capillaries that allow for the exchange of substances between the hepatocytes and the blood. These sinusoids are crucial for the liver's function, as they help facilitate the filtration, storage, and processing of blood. Arteries and veins are blood vessels that supply and drain blood from the liver, but they do not directly separate the hepatocytes. Ligaments, on the other hand, are fibrous bands of connective tissue that provide support and stability to the liver, but they do not separate the hepatocytes either.Rate this question:
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- 19.
When bile excretion is blocked. Treated surgically.
Correct Answer
obstructive diseaseExplanation
The given answer, "obstructive disease," is an appropriate explanation for the statement "When bile excretion is blocked. Treated surgically." This implies that when there is a blockage in the bile excretion process, it is considered an obstructive disease. The recommended treatment for this condition is surgical intervention.Rate this question:
- 20.
Any disease that causes injury to cells causes ____ levels to rise
- A.
ALT
- B.
Alk phos
- C.
LDH
- D.
AST
Correct Answer
D. ASTExplanation
When cells are injured, the levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) in the body rise. AST is an enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. When these tissues are damaged, AST is released into the bloodstream, causing an increase in its levels. Therefore, an increase in AST levels can indicate cell injury or damage, which can be caused by various diseases.Rate this question:
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- 21.
ALT is more specific than AST for evaluating ___________.
Correct Answer
liver functionExplanation
ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) and AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) are enzymes found in the liver. However, ALT is more specific than AST when it comes to evaluating liver function. ALT is primarily found in the liver and is considered a more specific indicator of liver damage or disease. On the other hand, AST is found in various organs, including the liver, heart, and muscles, making it less specific for assessing liver function. Therefore, ALT is preferred over AST when specifically evaluating liver function.Rate this question:
- 22.
Alk phos is produced by all of the following except
- A.
Liver
- B.
Kidney
- C.
Bones
- D.
Intestines
- E.
Placenta
Correct Answer
B. KidneyExplanation
Alkaline phosphatase (alk phos) is an enzyme that is produced by various tissues in the body, including the liver, bones, intestines, and placenta. However, the kidney does not produce alk phos.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Liver enzyme part of blood-clotting mechanism. Depends on Vitamin K use and intake.
Correct Answer
prothrombinExplanation
Prothrombin is a liver enzyme that plays a crucial role in the blood-clotting mechanism. It is dependent on the use and intake of Vitamin K. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin, along with other clotting factors, in the liver. Without sufficient Vitamin K, the production of prothrombin is impaired, leading to a decreased ability to form blood clots. Therefore, prothrombin is an important component of the blood-clotting mechanism and its functionality is influenced by the availability of Vitamin K.Rate this question:
- 24.
Prolonged prothrombin time indicates poor prognosis.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
A prolonged prothrombin time refers to the time it takes for blood to clot, which is an important factor in assessing the body's ability to control bleeding. A prolonged prothrombin time suggests that the blood is taking longer than normal to clot, indicating a potential bleeding disorder or a deficiency in clotting factors. This can lead to poor prognosis as it increases the risk of excessive bleeding and complications. Therefore, the statement that prolonged prothrombin time indicates poor prognosis is true.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The direct, or ______, form of bilirubin predominates in hepatocellular disease.
Correct Answer
conjugatedExplanation
The direct form of bilirubin, also known as conjugated bilirubin, is the predominant form in hepatocellular disease. This is because hepatocellular disease affects the liver, which is responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin. In this condition, the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to an accumulation of conjugated bilirubin in the bloodstream. This can result in symptoms such as jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools.Rate this question:
- 26.
Indirect bilirubin elevated when ______ diseases breakdown large amount of RBC's.
Correct Answer
hematologicExplanation
Indirect bilirubin levels increase when hematologic diseases cause the breakdown of a large number of red blood cells. This suggests that in hematologic diseases, there is an excessive destruction of red blood cells, leading to an increase in the breakdown of hemoglobin. As a result, more bilirubin is produced, which cannot be efficiently processed by the liver, leading to elevated levels of indirect bilirubin.Rate this question:
- 27.
Chemical separation of bilirubin into direct and indirect fractions helps to specify a ____ or ____ cause for jaundice.
- A.
Obstructive
- B.
Hepatocellular
- C.
Bilary
- D.
Hematologic
Correct Answer(s)
B. Hepatocellular
D. HematologicExplanation
The chemical separation of bilirubin into direct and indirect fractions helps to specify a hepatocellular or hematologic cause for jaundice. This means that by separating the bilirubin into these fractions, it can be determined whether the cause of jaundice is related to liver dysfunction (hepatocellular) or blood disorders (hematologic). This information is important in diagnosing and treating the underlying condition causing jaundice.Rate this question:
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