Pharmacology is all about drugs that patients are given to either nurse them back to health or help them maintain a healthy life. Test your Pharmacology knowledge that has been gathered these past months by taking up the interesting quiz below It is basically divided into Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics. All the best and come back for more Pharmacology tests.
Kidney
Liver
Heart
Bladder
Pyridostigmine
Nicotine
Curare
Dopamine
Physostigmine
Sitagliptin
Pioglitazone
Echothiophate
Therapy with tracheal intubation
Adjunct therapy to surgical anaesthesia
Treatment of convulsions
ADHD
Gatifloxacin
Gemifloxacin
Besifloxacin
Ofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Norflaxacin
Moxifloxacin
Paromomycin
Streptomycin
Neomycin
Gentamycin
Ofloxacin was the first quinolone
They have poor bioavailability
Inhibition of topoisomerase II prevents decatenation of DNA
Mutations to strand cutting subunits is a common mechanism of resistance
Theophylline interaction
Photosensitivity
NSAID interaction
Chelation by cations
Azithromycin
Telithromycin
Chloramphenicol
Streptogramins
All preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse with cholinergic receptors
All postganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse with cholinergic receptors
Cholinergic receptors exist in the CNS
All postganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse cholinergic receptors
Cholinergic receptors exist in neuromuscular junctions
Acetylcholine is incorporated into the vesicle in the cell body of the neuron
Hemicholinium inhibits the incorporation of acetycholine into the vesicle.
There is one molecule of acetylcholine per vesicle.
Botulinum toxin inhibits the exocytosis of acetylcholine
Acetycholine is transported across the synapse by active transport
M2 and M4 are autoreceptors that respond to acetylcholine at parasympathetic terminals
Acetylcholine can inhibit the release of norepinephrine by binding to autoreceptors
Acetycholine can affect both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors
Curare inhibits nicotinic receptors
Nicotinic receptors can be found in the neuromuscular junction
Stimulation of nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medulla causes the release of EPI and NE
Stimulation of nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction causes a hyperpolarization that relaxes the muscle
Muscarinic receptors are ligand gated ion channels that require two ligands to bind
M2 and M4, when bound, have inhibitory action on the cell
Muscarinic receptors in the heart, when bound by acetycholine, would increase heart rate
The larger the N-substituent the more potent the agonist
The nitrogen must be capable of forming a negative charge
There must be 5 atoms between the oxygen and nitrogen
Molecules should have a hydrogen bond accepting oxygen
Iris constriction
Iris dilation
Pupillary Dilation
Pupillary constriction
Increased salivation
Urinary retention
Urinary relaxation
Bronchiole relaxation
Asthma: Choline esters (muscarinic agonists) can produce bronchoconstriction. In the predisposed patient, an asthmatic attack may be induced.
Hyperthyroidism: Choline esters (muscarinic agonists) can induce atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroid patients.
Peptic ulcer: Choline esters (muscarinic agonists), by increasing gastric acid secretion, may exacerbate ulcer symptoms.
Coronary vascular disease: Choline esters (muscarinic agonists), as a result of their hypotensive effects, can further compromise coronary blood flow.
Sjogren's Syndrome: Choline esters (muscarinic agonists), as a result of their decreased salivary secretions, can further exacerbate dry mouth
Quaternary N compounds are the most potent and absorbed most efficiently
Atropine constricts the pupils
More than 5 atoms between the terminal H and Nitrogen increases the potency
The L isomer of atropine is the most potent
Decreased heart rate
Mydriasis
Xerostomia
Cycloplegia
Temperature elevation
Sarin (Nerve gas)
Parathion (Insecticide)
Botulinum Toxin
Entry of calcium into presynaptic knob
They are most effective against gram negative organisms
Gram negative organisms display resistance by secreting beta lactamase on the surface of their cell
The pentaglycine bridge links two D-alanine together to form a cross bridge
Enzymatic inactivation of beta lactams could occur by cleaving the beta lactam ring or the r group of the drug
It is not required that a beta-lactam bind to a PBP to exert any effect
Beta-lactams are an effective treatment against the intracellular infections such as chlamydia.
Beta-lactamase would most effective in the log phase of bacterial growth
Tetracyclines causes GI distress and should be taken with food or milk
An increase in dose of tetracyclines will lead to a lower percentage absorbed in the GI tract
Doxycycline is available in intravenous formulation
Tetracyclines block tRNA from binding to the A site in translation
Resistance to Tigecycline comes in the form of efflux pumps and ribosomal protection proteins
Tigecycline has greater gram negative activity than the rest of the tetracyclines
Erythromycin would be more stable to stomach acid than clarithromycin
Tigecycline is available parenterally and orally only