Rt Cardiovascular Part 2. II
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The resting state of cardiac muscle
- A.
Repolarization
- B.
Polarization
- C.
Depolarization
- D.
Non of the above
Correct Answer
B. PolarizationExplanation
The resting state of cardiac muscle refers to the period when the muscle is not actively contracting or conducting electrical signals. During this state, the cardiac muscle is in a polarized state, meaning there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the muscle cells. This polarization is maintained by the movement of ions across the cell membrane. Repolarization, on the other hand, refers to the process of restoring the resting state after depolarization, which occurs during the contraction of the muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is polarization.Rate this question:
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- 2.
K (potassium)
- A.
Relaxes the body
- B.
Exerts pressure in the lungs
- C.
Diffuses across visceral pleura
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Relaxes the bodyExplanation
Potassium (K) is a mineral that plays a crucial role in maintaining proper muscle function and nerve signaling in the body. It helps to relax the muscles, including the smooth muscles found in the blood vessels and airways. Therefore, it can be said that potassium relaxes the body.Rate this question:
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- 3.
When no more Na2 (sodium) is present
- A.
Repolarization
- B.
Depolarization
- C.
Polarization
- D.
A only
Correct Answer
C. PolarizationExplanation
When no more Na2 (sodium) is present, the cell membrane returns to its resting state, which is known as polarization. This means that the inside of the cell becomes negatively charged compared to the outside. Depolarization refers to the process of the cell membrane becoming more positive, while repolarization refers to the return of the membrane potential to its resting state. Since none of these processes are mentioned in the given statement, the correct answer is polarization.Rate this question:
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- 4.
An influx of (Na) sodium into the interior portion of the cells causing muscle contraction
- A.
Gradient pressure
- B.
Polarization
- C.
Repolarization
- D.
Depolarization
Correct Answer
D. DepolarizationExplanation
Depolarization refers to the process in which there is a change in the electrical charge across a cell membrane, making it less negative. In the context of muscle contraction, depolarization occurs when there is an influx of sodium ions into the interior portion of the cells. This influx of sodium ions causes a change in the electrical charge, leading to the contraction of muscle fibers. Therefore, depolarization is the correct answer as it accurately describes the mechanism of muscle contraction caused by the influx of sodium ions.Rate this question:
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- 5.
In ECG, (K) potassium has a NEGATIVE charge
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Potassium (K) is a positively charged ion in the body. However, in the context of an electrocardiogram (ECG), the statement is true because the deflection on the ECG tracing caused by the movement of potassium ions is in the opposite direction to that caused by other ions, such as sodium and calcium. This is why it is commonly stated that potassium has a negative charge in ECG interpretation.Rate this question:
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- 6.
In ECG, (Na) has a POSITIVE charge
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
In ECG, (Na) refers to sodium ions, which indeed have a positive charge. This is because sodium ions have lost one electron, resulting in an excess of protons in the nucleus. As protons carry a positive charge, sodium ions are positively charged. Therefore, the statement "in ECG, (Na) has a POSITIVE charge" is true.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Sodium (Na) causes contraction of
- A.
Muscle
- B.
Lungs
- C.
Kidneys
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. MuscleExplanation
Sodium (Na) causes contraction of muscles. This is because sodium plays a crucial role in the process of muscle contraction. When an electrical signal is sent from the brain to the muscles, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to enter the muscle cells. This influx of sodium triggers a series of chemical reactions that ultimately lead to muscle contraction. Therefore, the presence of sodium in the body is necessary for the proper functioning and contraction of muscles.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Rapid return of the cell to the polarized state due to entering of potassium (K)
- A.
Diffusion
- B.
Repolarization
- C.
Depolorization
- D.
Polarization
Correct Answer
B. RepolarizationExplanation
Repolarization refers to the process in which a cell returns to its resting membrane potential after depolarization. In this case, the explanation suggests that the rapid return of the cell to the polarized state is due to the entry of potassium ions (K+). Potassium ions move into the cell through specific channels, restoring the negative charge inside the cell and bringing it back to its polarized state. Therefore, repolarization is the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Located in the upper portion of the Right Atrium
- A.
Vena cavas
- B.
SA node
- C.
Right ventricle
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. SA nodeExplanation
The SA node is located in the upper portion of the Right Atrium. It is responsible for initiating the electrical signals that regulate the heart's rhythm and coordinate the contractions of the atria and ventricles. This node acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, setting the pace for the heartbeat.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Primary PACEMAKER
- A.
SA node
- B.
Ventricular contraction
- C.
Inhalation
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. SA nodeExplanation
The SA node is known as the primary pacemaker of the heart. It is responsible for initiating the electrical signals that regulate the heart's rhythm and control the contraction of the atria. This node sets the pace for the entire heart and coordinates the timing of the ventricular contraction. The other options, ventricular contraction and inhalation, are not correct because they are not directly related to being the primary pacemaker.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Has the greatest degree of automaticity
- A.
Vena cavas
- B.
Systemic circuit
- C.
Pulmonary circuit
- D.
SA node
Correct Answer
D. SA nodeExplanation
The SA node, also known as the sinoatrial node, is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. It is often referred to as the heart's natural pacemaker. The SA node has the greatest degree of automaticity, meaning it can generate electrical impulses on its own without any external stimulation. This automaticity allows the SA node to maintain a regular heartbeat even in the absence of signals from the brain or other parts of the body.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Atrio-Ventricular (AV) Node is located where
- A.
Base of the heart
- B.
Midline of the heart
- C.
Intro-ventricular septum
- D.
Apex of the heart
Correct Answer
C. Intro-ventricular septumExplanation
The AV (Atrio-Ventricular) Node is located in the intro-ventricular septum. This is the part of the heart that separates the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, from the atria, the upper chambers. The AV Node is an important part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, responsible for transmitting electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles, allowing for coordinated contractions and efficient pumping of blood throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Has 2nd greatest degree of automaticity
- A.
Heart Rate
- B.
SA node
- C.
AV node
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. AV nodeExplanation
The AV node has the 2nd greatest degree of automaticity among the given options. Automaticity refers to the ability of a cardiac cell to generate electrical impulses spontaneously. The SA node, located in the right atrium, has the highest degree of automaticity and is often referred to as the natural pacemaker of the heart. The AV node, located between the atria and ventricles, has a slightly lower degree of automaticity compared to the SA node. Therefore, the AV node is the correct answer as it has the 2nd highest degree of automaticity among the options provided.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Backup to the SA node in the event of failure
- A.
AV node
- B.
Atrio ventricular valves
- C.
Brain stem (medulla)
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. AV nodeExplanation
The AV node serves as a backup to the SA node in case it fails to initiate the electrical signals that regulate the heart's rhythm. The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart, but if it malfunctions, the AV node can take over and generate electrical impulses to maintain the heart's normal rhythm. Therefore, the AV node acts as a fail-safe mechanism, ensuring that the heart continues to beat properly even if the SA node fails.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Located on the right side of the inter ventricular septum
- A.
AV node
- B.
SA node
- C.
Bundle of His
- D.
Left ventricle
Correct Answer
C. Bundle of HisExplanation
The correct answer is the Bundle of His. The Bundle of His is located on the right side of the interventricular septum. It is a group of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that transmit electrical impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles, allowing for coordinated contraction of the heart. The SA node, also known as the sinoatrial node, is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses in the heart. The AV node, located near the tricuspid valve, delays the electrical impulses to allow for atrial contraction before ventricular contraction. The left ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Conducts the impulse from the AV node to the left and right bundle branches
- A.
AV node
- B.
Peripheral receptors
- C.
Bundle of His
- D.
SA node
Correct Answer
C. Bundle of HisExplanation
The Bundle of His conducts the electrical impulse from the AV node to the left and right bundle branches. This allows for the coordinated contraction of the ventricles, ensuring efficient pumping of blood throughout the body. The AV node acts as a relay station, receiving the electrical signal from the atria and directing it towards the ventricles. The SA node, also known as the pacemaker of the heart, initiates the electrical impulses that regulate the heart rate. Peripheral receptors are sensory receptors located in the periphery of the body, which are not directly related to the conduction of impulses within the heart.Rate this question:
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- 17.
When the Bundle of His conducts the impulse from the Av node both the atria CONTRACT, however, what causes the initial contraction
- A.
Purkinjee fibers
- B.
Left/right ventricles
- C.
Contractility
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Purkinjee fibersExplanation
The Bundle of His conducts the electrical impulse from the AV node to both the atria, causing them to contract. However, the initial contraction of the ventricles is caused by the Purkinje fibers. These specialized fibers rapidly transmit the electrical signal to the ventricles, leading to their contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is purkinjee fibers.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Where are the Bundle Branches located
- A.
Right side of inter ventricular septum
- B.
Left side of inter ventricular septum
- C.
Distal to the bronchial branches
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Right side of inter ventricular septumExplanation
The correct answer is "right side of inter ventricular septum." The bundle branches are located on the right side of the inter ventricular septum.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Divide into one right and two left
- A.
Bundle branches
- B.
Lungs
- C.
Brachiocephalic artery
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Bundle branchesExplanation
The bundle branches are responsible for conducting electrical signals in the heart. They divide into one right bundle branch and two left bundle branches. These branches help coordinate the contraction of the ventricles, ensuring that blood is pumped efficiently throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Conduct the impulse from the bundle of his to the purkinje fibers
- A.
Bundle branches
- B.
Bundle of his
- C.
Peripheral receptors
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Bundle branchesExplanation
The correct answer is "bundle branches" because they are responsible for conducting the electrical impulses from the bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers. The bundle branches are part of the electrical conduction system of the heart and play a crucial role in coordinating the contraction of the ventricles.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Located throughout the endocardial layer at both ventricles traveling in a superior direction from the apex of the heart
- A.
NA node
- B.
Purkinje fibers
- C.
SA node
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Purkinje fibersExplanation
The correct answer is purkinje fibers. Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that are located throughout the endocardial layer at both ventricles and travel in a superior direction from the apex of the heart. These fibers are responsible for conducting electrical impulses from the SA node to the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood efficiently.Rate this question:
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- 22.
When purkinje fiber contract, ventricles
- A.
After load
- B.
Contract from bottom up
- C.
Pre load
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
B. Contract from bottom upExplanation
When Purkinje fibers contract, the ventricles contract from bottom up. The Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conduct electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract. This contraction starts at the apex (bottom) of the ventricles and moves upwards towards the base. This coordinated contraction ensures efficient pumping of blood out of the heart and into the circulation.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Where is the base of the ventricle located
- A.
Inferior to the aorta
- B.
Aortic valve
- C.
Vena caves
- D.
Superior the SA node
Correct Answer
B. Aortic valveExplanation
The base of the ventricle is located at the aortic valve. The aortic valve is the valve that allows blood to flow out of the left ventricle and into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. Therefore, the base of the ventricle is located inferior to the aorta.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Depolarization begins when the electrical impulse leaves the
- A.
Purkinje fibers
- B.
Endocardial layer
- C.
Inner portion of the lungs
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Purkinje fibersExplanation
Depolarization begins when the electrical impulse leaves the Purkinje fibers. The Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that rapidly conduct electrical signals throughout the ventricles of the heart. These fibers play a crucial role in coordinating the contraction of the ventricles, leading to the ejection of blood from the heart. Therefore, once the electrical impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers, depolarization initiates and spreads throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood.Rate this question:
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- 25.
When electrical impulse leaves the purkinje fibers and travels from the endocardial layer outward toward the epicardium and from the apex to the base of the ventricles, what begins
- A.
Re polarization
- B.
Depolarization
- C.
Polarization
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. DepolarizationExplanation
Depolarization begins when the electrical impulse leaves the Purkinje fibers and travels from the endocardial layer outward toward the epicardium and from the apex to the base of the ventricles. Depolarization refers to the change in electrical charge across the cell membrane, causing the muscle cells to contract and initiate the pumping action of the heart. This process is essential for the proper functioning of the heart and the circulation of blood throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Starts excitement of contraction
- A.
High BP
- B.
Tachycardia
- C.
Bradycardia
- D.
Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer
D. Purkinje fibersExplanation
The Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that play a crucial role in the electrical conduction system of the heart. They are responsible for transmitting the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood. The presence of Purkinje fibers allows for the coordinated and synchronized contraction of the ventricles, leading to an efficient pumping action. Therefore, the Purkinje fibers are essential for initiating and maintaining the excitement of contraction in the heart.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Produced by atrial depolarization
- A.
P wave
- B.
T wave
- C.
QRS
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. P waveExplanation
The P wave represents the depolarization of the atria, which is the electrical activation that causes the atria to contract. This wave is seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG) as a small upward deflection. Therefore, the correct answer is P wave, as it is the only option that accurately describes the electrical activity of atrial depolarization.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Within the P wave, atria is getting an influx of what
- A.
Na
- B.
K
- C.
H+
- D.
H20
Correct Answer
A. NaExplanation
Within the P wave, the atria is getting an influx of Na+ (sodium) ions. This is because the P wave represents atrial depolarization, which is the electrical activation of the atria. Sodium ions play a crucial role in depolarization by entering the atrial cells and triggering the contraction of the atria. This influx of sodium ions allows for the coordinated contraction of the atria, which helps in pushing blood into the ventricles.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Re polarization of the atria occurs simultaneously with QRS and is hidden by the
- A.
T wave
- B.
QRS Complex
- C.
P wave
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. QRS ComplexExplanation
The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which occurs simultaneously with the repolarization of the atria. The repolarization of the atria is hidden by the T wave, which represents the repolarization of the ventricles. Therefore, the correct answer is the QRS complex.Rate this question:
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- 30.
The QRS complex is produced by
- A.
Ventricular depolarization
- B.
PR interval
- C.
T wave
- D.
P wave
Correct Answer
A. Ventricular depolarizationExplanation
The QRS complex is produced by ventricular depolarization. This refers to the electrical activation and contraction of the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. During ventricular depolarization, the electrical signals spread through the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood out of the heart. The QRS complex represents this depolarization on an electrocardiogram (ECG) and is characterized by a series of upward and downward deflections.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The T wave is produced by
- A.
Ventricular Re Polarization
- B.
Depolarization
- C.
Polarization
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Ventricular Re PolarizationExplanation
The T wave is produced by ventricular repolarization. During this phase of the cardiac cycle, the ventricles are resetting their electrical charge in preparation for the next heartbeat. This repolarization process is responsible for the T wave seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG). Depolarization refers to the initial electrical activation of the heart, while polarization is the resting state of the cardiac cells. Therefore, the correct answer is ventricular repolarization, as it specifically relates to the generation of the T wave.Rate this question:
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- 32.
The QRS complex is produced by
- A.
Beta blockers
- B.
Polarization
- C.
Ventricular Depolarization
- D.
Re polarization
Correct Answer
C. Ventricular DepolarizationExplanation
The QRS complex is produced by ventricular depolarization. This refers to the electrical activation of the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood out of the heart. During depolarization, there is a rapid influx of positively charged ions into the ventricles, resulting in the contraction of the heart muscle. The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles on an electrocardiogram (ECG), which is a graphical representation of the heart's electrical activity.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Used to measure the total cardiac cycle/heart rate
- A.
PR Interval
- B.
RR Interval
- C.
PP Interval
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. RR IntervalExplanation
The RR interval is the time between two consecutive R waves on an electrocardiogram (ECG). It is used to measure the total cardiac cycle or heart rate. By calculating the RR interval, healthcare professionals can determine the heart rate and assess the regularity of the heartbeat. This information is crucial in diagnosing and monitoring various cardiac conditions. The PR interval and PP interval are not used to measure the heart rate, making them incorrect options.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Highest amount of seconds one can go on a PR Interval
- A.
.12
- B.
.11
- C.
.20
- D.
1.0
Correct Answer
C. .20Explanation
The PR interval represents the time it takes for the electrical signal to travel from the atria to the ventricles in the heart. The higher the PR interval, the longer it takes for this signal to reach the ventricles. Therefore, a PR interval of .20 seconds indicates that it takes the longest amount of time for the signal to reach the ventricles.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Widening of PR interval usually means that some type of
- A.
Blockage is occurring
- B.
Heart rate increase is occurring
- C.
Heart rate decrease is occurring
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Blockage is occurringExplanation
The widening of the PR interval usually indicates that some type of blockage is occurring in the heart. This can be due to various reasons such as a blockage in the electrical conduction system of the heart or a delay in the transmission of the electrical signals. It is not related to an increase or decrease in heart rate, as the PR interval specifically refers to the time it takes for the electrical signal to travel from the atria to the ventricles.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Anything higher than .20 seconds in a PR Interval usually means that there is a problem occurring between
- A.
SA & AV nodes
- B.
Visceral pleura and pericardium
- C.
Lungs and kidneys
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. SA & AV nodesExplanation
A PR interval is a measurement on an electrocardiogram (ECG) that represents the time it takes for an electrical signal to travel from the sinoatrial (SA) node to the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart. A normal PR interval is typically between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds. However, if the PR interval is longer than 0.20 seconds, it usually indicates a problem occurring between the SA and AV nodes. This could be due to various conditions affecting the conduction system of the heart, such as heart block or atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. Therefore, the correct answer is SA & AV nodes.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Negative electrode on Right arm, Positive electrode on Left arm
- A.
Lead I
- B.
Lead II
- C.
Lead III
- D.
Lead IV
Correct Answer
A. Lead IExplanation
The correct answer is "lead I" because in this lead configuration, the negative electrode is placed on the right arm and the positive electrode is placed on the left arm. Lead I is formed by connecting the right arm and left arm electrodes. This lead provides a frontal view of the heart and is commonly used in electrocardiography to monitor the electrical activity of the heart.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Negative electrode on Right arm, Positive electrode on Left leg
- A.
Lead I
- B.
Lead II
- C.
Lead III
- D.
Lead IV
Correct Answer
B. Lead IIExplanation
Lead II is a specific configuration of electrocardiogram (ECG) leads where the negative electrode is placed on the right arm and the positive electrode is placed on the left leg. This lead provides a view of the electrical activity of the heart in the frontal plane, specifically the difference in potential between the left leg and right arm. Lead II is commonly used in ECG monitoring as it allows for the detection of abnormalities such as arrhythmias and conduction disturbances.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Used most commonly in acutely ill patients with leads placed on chest rather than on limbs
- A.
Lead I
- B.
Lead II
- C.
Lead III
- D.
Lead IV
Correct Answer
B. Lead IIExplanation
Lead II is the correct answer because it is the most commonly used lead in electrocardiography. It is obtained by placing the positive electrode on the right arm and the negative electrode on the left leg. Lead II provides a clear visualization of the electrical activity of the heart and is particularly useful in monitoring acutely ill patients. Leads I and III are also commonly used, but lead II is preferred due to its better diagnostic accuracy and ease of placement. Lead IV is not a standard lead in electrocardiography.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which one do you like?
- A.
Option 1
- B.
Option 2
- C.
Option 3
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. Option 1Explanation
The given question asks for the preferred choice among the options provided. The correct answer is Option 1, which implies that the person likes Option 1 the most out of all the given options.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Negative electrode on Left arm, Positive electrode on Left Leg
- A.
Lead I
- B.
Lead II
- C.
Lead III
- D.
Lead IV
Correct Answer
C. Lead IIIExplanation
Lead III is formed by placing the negative electrode on the left arm and the positive electrode on the left leg. In lead III, the electrical activity between the left arm and the left leg is measured. This lead provides information about the electrical axis of the heart and can help identify abnormalities in the heart's conduction system. Therefore, placing the negative electrode on the left arm and the positive electrode on the left leg correctly forms lead III.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Which one do you like?
- A.
Option 1
- B.
Option 2
- C.
Option 3
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. Option 1Explanation
The given question asks for a preference among the given options. The answer "Option 1" indicates that the person likes the first option out of the four provided.Rate this question:
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