select the 4 different rhythms you must identify

A-fib (AF atrial fibrillation) or paced

Instability usually develops when the heart rate changes significantly from the patients baseline normal or in response to a potentially lethal rhythm.signs and symptoms of instability click all that applies:

unresponsive or change in response

pale color (individual with darker skin may have pale lips or nail beds)

unresponsive or change in response

pale color (individual with darker skin may have pale lips or nail beds)

What does the monitor show?

The cardiac monitor displays waves that represent various components of the cardiac cycle.

The cardiac monitor displays hearts.

The cardiac monitor displays nothing important.

The cardiac monitor displays oxygenated blood.

The cardiac monitor displays waves that represent various components of the cardiac cycle.

SVT supraventricular tachycardia

premature ventricular contractions PVC

supraventricular tachycardia SVT

Cardiac Rhythm Course Study Guide For Monitor Transport Technicians

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| Written by Purpleskunk77

Purpleskunk77

Community Contributor

Quizzes Created: 3 | Total Attempts: 1,357

Questions: 73 | Attempts: 222 | Updated: Mar 21, 2023

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Questions and Answers

1.

Irregular rhythm rate 120
- A.
  
  Normal sinus rhythm NSR
- B.
  
  Sinus bradycardia SB
- C.
  
  Sinus tachycardia ST
- D.
  
  Atrial fibrillation AF
Correct Answer
D. Atrial fibrillation AF

Explanation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a condition characterized by an irregular rhythm of the heart. In this case, the patient's heart rate is 120 beats per minute, which is relatively fast. Sinus bradycardia (SB) refers to a slow heart rate, sinus tachycardia (ST) refers to a fast but regular heart rate, and normal sinus rhythm (NSR) refers to a regular heart rate. Since the patient's heart rate is irregular and fast, the correct answer is atrial fibrillation (AF).

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2.

Select the 4 different rhythms you must identify
- A.
  
  Sinus tach
- B.
  
  Sinus brady
- C.
  
  Normal sinus
- D.
  
  A-fib (AF atrial fibrillation) or paced
- E.
  
  Brain
- F.
  
  Hearing aid
Correct Answer(s)
A. Sinus tach
B. Sinus brady
C. Normal sinus
D. A-fib (AF atrial fibrillation) or paced

Explanation
The correct answer is sinus tach, sinus brady, normal sinus, and A-fib (AF atrial fibrillation) or paced. These are the four different rhythms that one must be able to identify. The first three, sinus tach, sinus brady, and normal sinus, refer to different variations of the normal sinus rhythm. Sinus tachycardia is a faster than normal heart rate, sinus bradycardia is a slower than normal heart rate, and normal sinus rhythm is the normal heart rate. A-fib (AF atrial fibrillation) or paced refers to abnormal heart rhythms, specifically atrial fibrillation or a rhythm that is artificially paced.

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3.

Which 2 are the Atrium?
- A.
  
  Top right
- B.
  
  Top left
- C.
  
  Right bottom
- D.
  
  Left bottom
Correct Answer(s)
A. Top right
B. Top left

Explanation
The correct answer is "top right" and "top left" because the question asks for the atrium, which is a central open space in a building. In this case, the top right and top left positions are likely to be the locations of the atrium in the given options. The other options, "right bottom" and "left bottom," are not mentioned in relation to the atrium in the question.

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4.

Which 2 are Ventricles?
- A.
  
  Top right
- B.
  
  Top left
- C.
  
  Bottom right
- D.
  
  Bottom left
Correct Answer(s)
C. Bottom right
D. Bottom left

Explanation
The bottom right and bottom left chambers of the heart are known as the ventricles. These two ventricles are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart and into the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

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5.

What is Atria?
- A.
  
  Upper chambers of the heart
- B.
  
  Middle chambers of the heart
- C.
  
  Lower chambers of the heart
- D.
  
  Back of the heart
Correct Answer
A. Upper chambers of the heart

Explanation
The atria are the upper chambers of the heart. They receive blood from the veins and pump it into the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. The atria play a crucial role in the circulation of blood, as they help to fill the ventricles and ensure efficient blood flow throughout the body.

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6.

What is Ventricles?
- A.
  
  Upper chambers of the heart
- B.
  
  Middle chambers of the heart
- C.
  
  Back of heart
- D.
  
  Lower chambers of the heart
Correct Answer
D. Lower chambers of the heart

Explanation
The ventricles are the lower chambers of the heart. They are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart and into the circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs for oxygenation, while the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The ventricles have thicker walls compared to the atria, as they need to generate enough pressure to propel blood throughout the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "lower chambers of the heart."

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7.

Instability usually develops when the heart rate changes significantly from the patients baseline normal or in response to a potentially lethal rhythm.signs and symptoms of instability click all that applies:
- A.
  
  Unresponsive or change in response
- B.
  
  Chest pain
- C.
  
  Shortness of breath
- D.
  
  Dizziness
- E.
  
  Sweating
- F.
  
  Nausea & vomiting
- G.
  
  Pale color (individual with darker skin may have pale lips or nail beds)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Unresponsive or change in response
B. Chest pain
C. Shortness of breath
D. Dizziness
E. Sweating
F. Nausea & vomiting
G. Pale color (individual with darker skin may have pale lips or nail beds)

Explanation
Instability in a patient can manifest through various signs and symptoms. These include unresponsiveness or a change in response, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, sweating, nausea and vomiting, and a pale color. It is important to note that individuals with darker skin may exhibit paleness in their lips or nail beds instead of their overall complexion. These symptoms indicate a significant deviation from the patient's normal heart rate and can be indicative of a potentially life-threatening rhythm.

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8.

A _________ is a device to visualize the patient's heart rhythm. You can only see the electrical activity of the heart, not the mechanical activity. 3 wires (known as leads) must be attached to the patient's chest.
- A.
  
  Leads
- B.
  
  P wave
- C.
  
  Cardiac monitor
- D.
  
  Cardiac cycle
Correct Answer
C. Cardiac monitor

Explanation
A cardiac monitor is a device used to visualize the patient's heart rhythm by displaying the electrical activity of the heart. It does not show the mechanical activity of the heart. In order to use a cardiac monitor, three wires known as leads need to be attached to the patient's chest.

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9.

What does the monitor show?
- A.
  
  The cardiac monitor displays hearts.
- B.
  
  The cardiac monitor displays nothing important.
- C.
  
  The cardiac monitor displays oxygenated blood.
- D.
  
  The cardiac monitor displays waves that represent various components of the cardiac cycle.
Correct Answer
D. The cardiac monitor displays waves that represent various components of the cardiac cycle.

Explanation
The correct answer is that the cardiac monitor displays waves that represent various components of the cardiac cycle. This means that the monitor shows graphical representations of different stages and activities of the heart, such as the electrical activity, heart rate, and rhythm. These waves provide valuable information to healthcare professionals about the functioning and health of the patient's heart.

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10.

The normal rate of the SA nodes is 60 - 100
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
A. True

Explanation
The SA node, also known as the sinoatrial node, is responsible for initiating electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. The normal rate of the SA node refers to the average number of these impulses per minute. A healthy SA node typically generates impulses at a rate of 60 to 100 per minute, which is considered normal. Therefore, the statement that the normal rate of the SA nodes is 60 - 100 is true.

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11.

You always check the patient along with the monitor
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
A. True

Explanation
It is important to always check the patient along with the monitor because relying solely on the monitor can lead to potential errors or missed observations. While the monitor provides valuable data and alerts, it does not replace the need for direct assessment of the patient's condition. Checking the patient allows for a comprehensive evaluation of their physical appearance, vital signs, and overall well-being, which can provide additional information and help guide appropriate interventions or treatment decisions. Therefore, it is crucial to combine the use of monitoring technology with direct patient assessment for optimal care.

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12.

How many chamber are in the heart?
- A.
  
  2
- B.
  
  3
- C.
  
  4
- D.
  
  5
Correct Answer
C. 4

Explanation
The heart consists of four chambers, namely the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricles. The atria receive blood from the body and lungs, while the ventricles pump the blood to the rest of the body. This division of chambers allows for efficient oxygenation and circulation of blood throughout the body.

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13.

RATE: 79
- A.
  
  Sinus bradycardia SB
- B.
  
  Sinus tardycadia
- C.
  
  Normal sinus rhythm NSR
- D.
  
  Atrial fibrillation
Correct Answer
C. Normal sinus rhythm NSR

Explanation
The correct answer is normal sinus rhythm NSR. Normal sinus rhythm refers to a regular heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In NSR, the heart rate is within the normal range, typically between 60 and 100 beats per minute. This rhythm is considered normal and indicates that the electrical signals in the heart are being conducted properly. Sinus bradycardia (SB) refers to a slow heart rate, while atrial fibrillation is a chaotic and irregular heart rhythm. Sinus tardycardia is not a recognized medical term.

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14.

Which one do you like?
- A.
  
  Normal sinus rhythm NSR
- B.
  
  Sinus bradycardia SB
- C.
  
  Sinus tachycardia ST
- D.
  
  Atrial fibrillation AF
Correct Answer
B. Sinus bradycardia SB

Explanation
Sinus bradycardia (SB) is the correct answer because it refers to a slow heart rate originating from the sinus node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In this condition, the heart rate is below the normal range (less than 60 beats per minute). The other options, normal sinus rhythm (NSR), sinus tachycardia (ST), and atrial fibrillation (AF), all involve different heart rhythm abnormalities, but they are not the preferred choice in this case.

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15.

Irregular rhythm rate 120
- A.
  
  Normal sinus rhythm NSR
- B.
  
  Sinus bradycardia SB
- C.
  
  Sinus tachycardia ST
- D.
  
  Atrial fibrillation AF
Correct Answer
D. Atrial fibrillation AF

Explanation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a type of irregular heart rhythm characterized by rapid and chaotic electrical signals in the atria, leading to an irregular and often fast heart rate. In this case, the given information "irregular rhythm rate 120" matches the characteristics of AF, as it indicates an irregular heart rhythm with a rate of 120 beats per minute. Therefore, the correct answer is atrial fibrillation (AF).

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16.

RATE: 153
- A.
  
  PVC premature ventricular
- B.
  
  SVT supraventricular tachycardia
- C.
  
  VT ventricular tachycardia
Correct Answer
B. SVT supraventricular tachycardia

Explanation
The correct answer is SVT supraventricular tachycardia. This is because the other two options, PVC premature ventricular and VT ventricular tachycardia, refer to abnormal heart rhythms that originate in the ventricles, whereas SVT supraventricular tachycardia refers to a rapid heart rhythm that originates in the atria or the AV node. Therefore, SVT is the most appropriate answer in this context.

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17.

Rate 109
- A.
  
  Premature ventricular contractions PVC
- B.
  
  Ventricular tachycardia VT
- C.
  
  Supraventricular tachycardia SVT
Correct Answer
B. Ventricular tachycardia VT

Explanation
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm that originates in the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. It is characterized by a rapid heart rate, usually above 100 beats per minute. VT can be life-threatening and may cause symptoms such as dizziness, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Treatment for VT may include medications, cardioversion, or implantation of a defibrillator. In this case, the correct answer is VT because it is the only option that matches the given description of a rapid heart rate originating in the ventricles.

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18.

QRS RATE 100 - 300 BPM
- A.
  
  PEA
- B.
  
  Ventricular tachycardia VT
- C.
  
  Asystole
Correct Answer
B. Ventricular tachycardia VT

Explanation
The correct answer is ventricular tachycardia (VT). Ventricular tachycardia is a condition characterized by a rapid heart rate originating from the ventricles of the heart, typically between 100 and 300 beats per minute (BPM). This abnormal heart rhythm can be life-threatening and may lead to cardiac arrest if not treated promptly. Therefore, recognizing and managing VT is crucial in order to restore a normal heart rhythm and prevent further complications.

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19.

No ventricular activity seen
- A.
  
  Asystole
- B.
  
  PEA
- C.
  
  VF
Correct Answer
A. Asystole

Explanation
The given correct answer is "asystole." Asystole refers to the absence of any electrical activity in the ventricles of the heart. It is considered a form of cardiac arrest and is characterized by a flatline on the electrocardiogram (ECG). Asystole is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) measures.

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20.

CARDIAC RHYTHM
- A.
  
  Asystole
- B.
  
  Ventricular fibrillation VF
- C.
  
  PEA
Correct Answer
C. PEA

Explanation
PEA stands for Pulseless Electrical Activity. It is a cardiac rhythm where there is electrical activity in the heart, but no effective contractions are occurring. This means that even though there may be electrical signals present, there is no pulse or blood flow. PEA is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention, including CPR and advanced cardiac life support.

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21.

CARDIAC RHYTHM
- A.
  
  Pacing - av pacing
- B.
  
  Pacing - atrial pacing
- C.
  
  Pacing - ventricular pacing
- D.
  
  Pacing - failure to capture
Correct Answer
A. Pacing - av pacing

Explanation
The correct answer is "pacing - av pacing". AV pacing refers to atrioventricular pacing, which is a type of cardiac pacing where the electrical signals are delivered to both the atria and ventricles of the heart. This type of pacing is used to coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles, ensuring proper timing and synchronization of the heartbeats. It is commonly used in patients with certain heart conditions, such as atrioventricular block, to maintain an appropriate heart rate and rhythm.

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22.

CARDIAC RHYTHM
- A.
  
  Pacing - AV pacing
- B.
  
  Pacing - ventricular pacing
- C.
  
  Pacing - atrial pacing
- D.
  
  Pacing - failure to capture
Correct Answer
C. Pacing - atrial pacing

Explanation
Atrial pacing refers to the use of electrical impulses to stimulate the atria of the heart, causing them to contract and initiate a heartbeat. This method is used in cases where the natural electrical conduction system of the heart is not functioning properly or is too slow. By pacing the atria, the heart can maintain a regular rhythm and ensure that blood is efficiently pumped throughout the body.

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23.

CARDIAC RHYTHM
- A.
  
  Pacing - atrial pacing
- B.
  
  Pacing - AV pacing
- C.
  
  Pacing - failure to capture
- D.
  
  Pacing - ventricular pacing
Correct Answer
D. Pacing - ventricular pacing

Explanation
Ventricular pacing refers to the use of an artificial pacemaker to stimulate the ventricles of the heart to contract and maintain a regular heartbeat. This is done when the natural electrical conduction system of the heart is not functioning properly, leading to irregular heart rhythms or bradycardia (slow heart rate). Ventricular pacing helps to ensure that the ventricles contract and pump blood effectively, thereby maintaining cardiac output. It is a common intervention for individuals with certain heart conditions or those who have undergone cardiac surgery.

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24.

CARDIAC RHYTHM
- A.
  
  Pacing - ventricular pacing
- B.
  
  Pacing - failure to capture
- C.
  
  Pacing - atrial pacing
- D.
  
  Pacing - AV pacing
Correct Answer
B. Pacing - failure to capture

Explanation
Failure to capture refers to a situation in which the electrical impulse generated by a pacemaker fails to stimulate the heart muscle, resulting in the absence of a corresponding heartbeat. This can occur due to various reasons such as lead dislodgement, high pacing thresholds, or battery depletion. Failure to capture can lead to ineffective pacing and potentially serious consequences for the patient.

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25.

NSR?click all that applies
- A.
  
  60-100 BPM
- B.
  
  20-40 BPM
- C.
  
  100-180 BPM
- D.
  
  REGULAR RHYTHM
- E.
  
  P-WAVES BEFORE EACH QRS
- F.
  
  QRS IS NARROW
- G.
  
  QRS IS WIDE
Correct Answer(s)
A. 60-100 BPM
D. REGULAR RHYTHM
E. P-WAVES BEFORE EACH QRS
F. QRS IS NARROW

Explanation
The given correct answer includes the following statements:
1. 60-100 BPM: This indicates the normal heart rate range, which is considered healthy.
2. REGULAR RHYTHM: This means that the intervals between heartbeats are consistent, indicating a regular heart rhythm.
3. P-WAVES BEFORE EACH QRS: P-waves represent the electrical activity of the atria, and their presence before each QRS complex indicates normal atrial depolarization.
4. QRS IS NARROW: A narrow QRS complex suggests that the electrical signal is being conducted normally through the ventricles.

These statements collectively describe a normal sinus rhythm with a regular heart rate, normal atrial depolarization, and normal ventricular depolarization.

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26.

*WHAT IS A ARTIFACT?more than one answer
- A.
  
  Patient movement - shivers, scratching, muscle tension, shaking
- B.
  
  Loose or defective electrodes - breathing can make the image go up and down
- C.
  
  Poor skin preparations
- D.
  
  Faulty equipment - broken wires or connections
- E.
  
  Fuzzy baseline - from poor skin prep, electrode contacts, or close to appliance
- F.
  
  Staying still
- G.
  
  Heart rate
Correct Answer(s)
A. Patient movement - shivers, scratching, muscle tension, shaking
B. Loose or defective electrodes - breathing can make the image go up and down
C. Poor skin preparations
D. Faulty equipment - broken wires or connections
E. Fuzzy baseline - from poor skin prep, electrode contacts, or close to appliance

Explanation
ARTIFACT IS FROM AN OUTSIDE PROBLEM- IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE PATIENT

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27.

Cardiac output - amount of blood pumped by the heart by the heart per minute, (cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume) CO = HR X SV, WHICH IS VOLUME OF BLOOD PUMPED PER MINUTE
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
A. True

Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that cardiac output refers to the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (number of heartbeats per minute) by the stroke volume (volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat). Therefore, cardiac output represents the volume of blood that is pumped by the heart in one minute.

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28.

DIAPHORESIS ?more than one answer
- A.
  
  Sweating
- B.
  
  Not enough oxygen to the brain
- C.
  
  Normal
- D.
  
  Pallor (pale skin)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Sweating
B. Not enough oxygen to the brain
D. Pallor (pale skin)

Explanation
The correct answer includes three options: sweating, not enough oxygen to the brain, and pallor (pale skin). Diaphoresis refers to excessive sweating, which can be a symptom of various medical conditions or a response to certain medications. Not enough oxygen to the brain, also known as cerebral hypoxia, can cause diaphoresis as the body tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen. Pallor, or pale skin, can also be associated with diaphoresis as the body redirects blood flow to vital organs, causing a decrease in skin color.

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29.

Rate 100-160, rhythm is regular, p wave before QRS, QRS narrow or skinny, symptoms; dizzy, light headed, weak, short of breath, many have no symptoms, normal physiological reaction; pain, fear, anxiety, fever, exertion
- A.
  
  atrial fibrillation
- B.
  
  SB sinus bradycardia
- C.
  
  NSR normal sinus rhythm
- D.
  
  ST sinus tachycardia
Correct Answer
D. ST sinus tachycardia

Explanation
The given answer, ST sinus tachycardia, is correct because it matches the description provided. Sinus tachycardia is characterized by a heart rate between 100-160 beats per minute, regular rhythm, and a normal P wave before each QRS complex. The QRS complex is narrow or skinny, indicating normal ventricular depolarization. The symptoms mentioned, such as dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, and shortness of breath, are commonly associated with sinus tachycardia. Additionally, the normal physiological reactions mentioned, such as pain, fear, anxiety, fever, and exertion, can also cause sinus tachycardia.

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30.

rate <100 if well controlled, rhythm; irregular, no p-wave (fibrillation wave instead(quivering)), QRS complex usually narrow, common in elderly, heart doesn't pump blood as effectively
- A.
  
  Rabid atrial fibrillation
- B.
  
  SB sinus bradycardia
- C.
  
  A- fib
- D.
  
  ST sinus tachycardia
Correct Answer
C. A- fib

Explanation
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) is the correct answer because it fits all the given characteristics. A-fib is characterized by an irregular rhythm, absence of p-waves, and a narrow QRS complex. It is commonly seen in the elderly population and can result in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart. Sinus bradycardia (SB) is characterized by a slow heart rate, sinus tachycardia (ST) is characterized by a fast heart rate, and rabid atrial fibrillation is not a recognized medical term.

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31.

Rate >100, rhythm; irregular, no p-wave (fibrillation wave instead(quivering)), QRS complex usually narrow, common in elderly, could be part of baseline, (if new CAN NOT TAKE PATIENT), usually on blood thinners, danger for blood clots, heart doesn't pump blood as effectively
- A.
  
  Rapid atrial fibrillation (rapid a-fib)
- B.
  
  SB sinus bradycardia
- C.
  
  A- fib
- D.
  
  ST sinus tachycardia
Correct Answer
A. Rapid atrial fibrillation (rapid a-fib)

Explanation
Rapid atrial fibrillation (rapid a-fib) is the correct answer because the given characteristics match the description of this condition. Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm where the atria quiver instead of contracting normally. This results in the absence of a p-wave on an ECG. The QRS complex is usually narrow in rapid a-fib. It is more common in the elderly and can be a chronic condition or a new onset. Patients with rapid a-fib are often on blood thinners to reduce the risk of blood clots, as the ineffective pumping of the heart can lead to clot formation.

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32.

Rate >160, rhythm; regular, p-wave; unable to tell to fast, QRS is narrow, this is not a single rhythm refers to any QRS faster >160
- A.
  
  SVT supraventricular tachycardia
- B.
  
  ST sinus tachycardia
- C.
  
  Rapid atrial fibrillation
- D.
  
  A-fib
Correct Answer
A. SVT supraventricular tachycardia

Explanation
The given EKG findings indicate a heart rate greater than 160 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm. The P-wave morphology is unable to be determined due to the fast rate, and the QRS complex is narrow. These findings are consistent with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which is a broad term referring to any rhythm with a QRS complex faster than 160 beats per minute that originates above the ventricles.

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33.

Rate; < 60, Rhythm is regular, p-wave before, QRS complex is narrow, (meets all the criteria for NSR, except rate < 60), Many reasons for a slow heart rate: Resting or sleeping, Well-conditioned athletes, Medications (e.g. beta-blockers), Problems with the heart's conduction system, Sometimes it's just normal for this patient!
- A.
  
  A-FIB
- B.
  
  ST sinus tachycardia
- C.
  
  NSR normal sinus rhythm
- D.
  
  SB sinus bradycardia
Correct Answer
D. SB sinus bradycardia

Explanation
The given answer "SB sinus bradycardia" is correct because the description provided matches the characteristics of sinus bradycardia. Sinus bradycardia is defined as a regular rhythm with a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute. The description also mentions that the p-wave is before the QRS complex and the QRS complex is narrow, which are both consistent with sinus bradycardia. The explanation also mentions various reasons for a slow heart rate, which further supports the diagnosis of sinus bradycardia.

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34.

Produce a spike followed by a p wave
- A.
  
  Atrial pacemaker
- B.
  
  Ventricular pacemaker
- C.
  
  Dual (AV) pacemaker
- D.
  
  Demand pacemaker
Correct Answer
A. Atrial pacemaker

Explanation
An atrial pacemaker is a device that stimulates the atria of the heart to contract and produce a spike followed by a P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG). This device is specifically designed to regulate the electrical impulses in the atria and ensure proper heart rhythm. It does not directly stimulate the ventricles or involve the AV node, making it different from a ventricular pacemaker or a dual (AV) pacemaker. A demand pacemaker, on the other hand, is a type of pacemaker that only activates when the heart rate falls below a certain threshold, whereas an atrial pacemaker continuously stimulates the atria.

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35.

Produce a spike followed by a QRS complex
- A.
  
  Atrial pacemaker
- B.
  
  Ventricular pacemaker
- C.
  
  Dual (AV) pacemaker
- D.
  
  Demand pacemaker
Correct Answer
B. Ventricular pacemaker

Explanation
A ventricular pacemaker is designed to produce electrical impulses in the ventricles of the heart, which then causes the ventricles to contract and produce a QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG). This means that the pacemaker is responsible for initiating the electrical activity in the ventricles, resulting in their contraction. The spike mentioned in the answer refers to the electrical impulse generated by the pacemaker, which is followed by the QRS complex representing ventricular depolarization.

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36.

Produce two spike followed by both atria and ventricle capture
- A.
  
  Atrial pacemaker
- B.
  
  Ventricular pacemaker
- C.
  
  Dual (AV) pacemaker
- D.
  
  Demand pacemaker
Correct Answer
C. Dual (AV) pacemaker

Explanation
A dual (AV) pacemaker is capable of producing two spikes, one for atrial capture and one for ventricular capture. This means that it can stimulate both the atria and the ventricles of the heart to contract. This type of pacemaker is often used in patients who have problems with the electrical conduction system of their heart, specifically in the atrioventricular (AV) node. It ensures that both the atria and ventricles are synchronized and working together effectively.

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37.

Some pacemakers fire for every beatfires when needed
- A.
  
  Atrial pacemaker
- B.
  
  Ventricular pacemaker
- C.
  
  Dual (AV) pacemaker
- D.
  
  Demand pacemaker
Correct Answer
D. Demand pacemaker

Explanation
A demand pacemaker is a type of pacemaker that fires only when needed. It senses the electrical activity of the heart and delivers a pacing stimulus only when the heart's natural rhythm is too slow or irregular. This helps to avoid unnecessary pacing and allows the heart to maintain its own rhythm as much as possible.

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38.

Some pacemakers will fire but not generate a heartbeatthis is bad
- A.
  
  Atrial pacemaker
- B.
  
  Failure to capture
- C.
  
  Dual (AV) pacemaker
- D.
  
  Demand pacemaker
Correct Answer
B. Failure to capture

Explanation
The term "failure to capture" refers to a situation where a pacemaker is firing, but it is not able to generate a heartbeat. This is considered bad because the purpose of a pacemaker is to regulate the heartbeat and ensure that it is functioning properly. In the given options, the most suitable explanation for this scenario is "failure to capture." This suggests that the pacemaker is not successfully capturing the electrical signals from the heart and translating them into a heartbeat.

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39.

What is this
- A.
  
  Multifocal PVCs
- B.
  
  Unifocal pvc
- C.
  
  Premature ventricular complexes
- D.
  
  Ventricular tachycardia VT
Correct Answer
B. Unifocal pvc

Explanation
Unifocal PVCs refers to premature ventricular complexes that originate from a single ectopic focus in the ventricles. Unlike multifocal PVCs, which arise from multiple ectopic foci, unifocal PVCs have a consistent morphology on the electrocardiogram. This means that each PVC looks similar to the others in terms of its shape and duration. Unifocal PVCs are generally considered to be less concerning than multifocal PVCs, as they are often benign and do not indicate a higher risk of developing ventricular tachycardia.

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40.

What is this
- A.
  
  Multifocal PVCs
- B.
  
  Unifocal pvc
- C.
  
  Premature ventricular complexes
- D.
  
  Ventricular tachycardia VT
Correct Answer
A. Multifocal PVCs

Explanation
Multifocal PVCs refer to premature ventricular complexes that originate from multiple foci in the ventricles. Unlike unifocal PVCs, which arise from a single focus, multifocal PVCs can have different morphologies and appear differently on an electrocardiogram (ECG). This can be indicative of underlying heart disease or electrolyte imbalances. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a more severe arrhythmia characterized by a rapid heartbeat originating from the ventricles. While both multifocal PVCs and VT involve abnormal ventricular contractions, they are distinct entities with different clinical implications.

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41.

PVCs pattern bigeminy?
- A.
  
  1
- B.
  
  2
- C.
  
  3
- D.
  
  4
Correct Answer
A. 1
42.

PVCs pattern trigeminy?
- A.
  
  1
- B.
  
  2
- C.
  
  3
- D.
  
  4
Correct Answer
D. 4

Explanation
The given pattern of PVCs is trigeminy, which means that every third beat is a PVC. In the given sequence, the first beat is normal, the second beat is normal, the third beat is a PVC, and the fourth beat is normal. Therefore, the correct answer is 4.

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43.

Quadrigeminy
- A.
  
  Option 1
- B.
  
  Option 2
- C.
  
  Option 3
- D.
  
  Option 4
Correct Answer
D. Option 4
44.

Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
- A.
  
  Option 1
- B.
  
  Option 2
- C.
  
  Option 3
- D.
  
  Option 4
Correct Answer
A. Option 1

Explanation
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a condition characterized by a rapid heart rate originating from the ventricles of the heart. It is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia that can lead to inadequate blood flow and cardiac arrest. Option 1 is the correct answer because it is the only option that mentions ventricular tachycardia, which is the given term in the question. Without further information, it is not possible to provide a more specific explanation about the other options.

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45.

Pacemakers fires 100 > bpm, rhythm; regular, P wave; none, QRS; wide, bizarre, but not identical, may be sustained or non-sustained, patient may or may not have pulse, life threatening
- A.
  
  Pulse electrical activity PEA
- B.
  
  Asystole
- C.
  
  Ventricular fibrillation VF
- D.
  
  Ventricular tachycardia VT
Correct Answer
D. Ventricular tachycardia VT

Explanation
The given answer, ventricular tachycardia (VT), is the most suitable explanation for the described symptoms. VT is characterized by a rapid heart rate of over 100 bpm originating from the ventricles instead of the normal heart's electrical system. The rhythm is regular, and there is no presence of P waves. The QRS complex is wide and bizarre, but not identical, which is typical for VT. It can be sustained or non-sustained, and the patient may or may not have a pulse. VT is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

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46.

Pacemakers fires 100> bpm, P wave; none, QRS; wide, bizarre, change shapes, may be sustained or non-sustained, patient may or may not have pulse, twist or turns, life threatening
- A.
  
  Torsades de pointes
- B.
  
  Asystole
- C.
  
  Ventricular fibrillation VF
- D.
  
  Ventricular tachycardia VT
Correct Answer
A. Torsades de pointes

Explanation
The given symptoms of a pacemaker firing at a rate greater than 100 bpm, wide and bizarre QRS complexes, and a change in shapes suggest a condition called torsades de pointes. Torsades de pointes is a type of ventricular tachycardia characterized by a twisting or turning pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG). It can be sustained or non-sustained and may or may not be associated with a pulse. Torsades de pointes can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

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47.

Lethal, number one cause of sudden death, this patient will never be awake, will never have a pulse, clinically deadlethal
- A.
  
  Torsades de pointes
- B.
  
  Asystole
- C.
  
  Ventricular fibrillation VF (V-fib)
- D.
  
  Ventricular tachycardia VT
Correct Answer
C. Ventricular fibrillation VF (V-fib)

Explanation
The given symptoms of being clinically dead, never being awake, and never having a pulse are indicative of ventricular fibrillation (V-fib). Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening arrhythmia where the heart's electrical signals become chaotic, causing the ventricles to quiver instead of contracting properly. This results in the heart being unable to pump blood effectively, leading to sudden cardiac arrest and death if not treated immediately. Torsades de pointes and ventricular tachycardia are also serious arrhythmias, but they do not necessarily result in the absence of a pulse or being clinically dead. Asystole, on the other hand, refers to the absence of any electrical activity in the heart and is often referred to as "flatlining," which is not consistent with the given symptoms.

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48.

Accel junctional
- A.
  
  Option1
- B.
  
  Option2
- C.
  
  Option3
- D.
  
  Option4
Correct Answer
B. Option2
49.

Idioventricular rhythm
- A.
  
  Option 1
- B.
  
  Option 2
- C.
  
  Option 3
- D.
  
  Option 4
Correct Answer
D. Option 4
50.

The P wave represents:
- A.
  
  Ventricular repolarization
- B.
  
  Atrial depolarization
- C.
  
  Ventricular systole
- D.
  
  Ventricular depolarization
Correct Answer
B. Atrial depolarization

Explanation
The correct answer is atrial depolarization. The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of the atria, which is the electrical activation of the atrial muscle cells. This wave indicates the initiation of the atrial contraction, also known as atrial systole. It is followed by the QRS complex, which represents the depolarization of the ventricles. The T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles. Therefore, the P wave specifically represents atrial depolarization.

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