Biology-mid-test 2
- 1.
Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds?
- A.
A) triacylglycerides
- B.
B) polysaccharides
- C.
C) proteins
- D.
D) triacylglycerides and proteins only
- E.
E) triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins
Correct Answer
E. E) triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins -
- 2.
Which of the following statements about the 5' end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct?
- A.
A) The 5' end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
- B.
B) The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
- C.
C) The 5' end has phosphate attached to the number 5 carbon of the nitrogenous base.
- D.
D) The 5' end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
- E.
E) The 5' end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.
Correct Answer
B. B) The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. -
- 3.
Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen?
- A.
A) starch
- B.
B) glycogen
- C.
C) cellulose
- D.
D) chitin
- E.
E) amylopectin
Correct Answer
D. D) chitin -
- 4.
There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?
- A.
A) different side chains (R groups) attached to a carboxyl carbon
- B.
B) different side chains (R groups) attached to the amino groups
- C.
C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an α carbon
- D.
D) different structural and optical isomers
- E.
E) different asymmetric carbons
Correct Answer
C. C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an α carbon -
- 5.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
- A.
A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
- B.
B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar
- C.
C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
- D.
D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil
- E.
E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine
Correct Answer
C. C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar -
- 6.
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
- A.
A) C18H36O18
- B.
B) C18H32O16
- C.
C) C6H10O5
- D.
D) C18H10O15
- E.
E) C3H6O3
Correct Answer
B. B) C18H32O16 -
- 7.
Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?
- A.
A) 101
- B.
B) 100
- C.
C) 99
- D.
D) 98
- E.
E) 97
Correct Answer
C. C) 99 -
- 8.
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type?
- A.
A) guanine and adenine
- B.
B) cytosine and uracil
- C.
C) thymine and guanine
- D.
D) ribose and deoxyribose
- E.
E) adenine and thymine
Correct Answer
B. B) cytosine and uracil -
- 9.
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?
- A.
A) glycogen
- B.
B) cellulose
- C.
C) chitin
- D.
D) glycogen and chitin only
- E.
E) glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
Correct Answer
A. A) glycogen -
- 10.
What aspects of protein structure are stabilized or assisted by hydrogen bonds?
- A.
A) primary structure
- B.
B) secondary structure
- C.
C) tertiary structure
- D.
D) quaternary structure
- E.
E) secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure
Correct Answer
E. E) secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure -
- 11.
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type?
- A.
A) cytosine and guanine
- B.
B) guanine and adenine
- C.
C) adenine and thymine
- D.
D) thymine and uracil
- E.
E) uracil and cytosine
Correct Answer
B. B) guanine and adenine -
- 12.
On food packages, to what does the term insoluble fiber refer?
- A.
A) cellulose
- B.
B) polypeptides
- C.
C) starch
- D.
D) amylopectin
- E.
E) chitin
Correct Answer
A. A) cellulose -
- 13.
How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids?
- A.
A) 4^12
- B.
B) 12^20
- C.
C) 240
- D.
D) 20
- E.
E) 20^12
Correct Answer
E. E) 20^12 -
- 14.
When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion?
- A.
A) plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole
- B.
B) secondary cell wall → plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole
- C.
C) primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole
- D.
D) primary cell wall → plasma membrane → lysosome → cytoplasm → vacuole
- E.
E) primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → secondary cell wall → vacuole
Correct Answer
C. C) primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole -
- 15.
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
- A.
A) DNA.
- B.
B) a cell wall.
- C.
C) a plasma membrane.
- D.
D) ribosomes.
- E.
E) an endoplasmic reticulum.
Correct Answer
E. E) an endoplasmic reticulum. -
- 16.
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
- A.
A) lysosome
- B.
B) vacuole
- C.
C) mitochondrion
- D.
D) Golgi apparatus
- E.
E) peroxisome
Correct Answer
C. C) mitochondrion -
- 17.
The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following?
- A.
A) gap junctions
- B.
B) the nucleus
- C.
C) DNA and RNA
- D.
D) integrins
- E.
E) plasmodesmata
Correct Answer
D. D) integrins -
- 18.
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that
- A.
A) plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells.
- B.
B) plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells.
- C.
C) plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
- D.
D) animal cells are more spherical, whereas plant cells are elongated.
- E.
E) plant cells can have lower surface-to-volume ratios than animal cells because plant cells synthesize their own nutrients.
Correct Answer
C. C) plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm. -
- 19.
Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?
- A.
A) lysosome
- B.
B) vacuole
- C.
C) mitochondrion
- D.
D) Golgi apparatus
- E.
E) peroxisome
Correct Answer
E. E) peroxisome -
- 20.
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?
- A.
A) peroxisomes
- B.
B) desmosomes
- C.
C) gap junctions
- D.
D) extracellular matrix
- E.
E) tight junctions
Correct Answer
C. C) gap junctions -
- 21.
A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 μm. What does the organism's size tell you about how it might be classified?
- A.
A) It must be a single-celled protist.
- B.
B) It must be a single-celled fungus.
- C.
C) It could be almost any typical bacterium.
- D.
D) It could be a typical virus.
- E.
E) It could be a very small bacterium.
Correct Answer
E. E) It could be a very small bacterium. -
- 22.
In a plant cell, DNA may be found
- A.
A) only in the nucleus.
- B.
B) only in the nucleus and mitochondria.
- C.
C) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts.
- D.
D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
- E.
E) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes
Correct Answer
D. D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. -
- 23.
Signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton may be transmitted by
- A.
A) fibronectin.
- B.
B) proteoglycans.
- C.
C) integrins.
- D.
D) collagen.
- E.
E) middle lamella.
Correct Answer
C. C) integrins. -
- 24.
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved .
- A.
A) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell–the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
- B.
B) anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen–the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts
- C.
C) an endosymbiotic fungal cell evolved into the nucleus.
- D.
D) acquisition of an endomembrane system, and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi.
Correct Answer
A. A) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell–the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria. -
- 25.
In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be
- A.
A) hydrophilic.
- B.
B) hydrophobic.
- C.
C) amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region.
- D.
D) completely covered with phospholipids.
- E.
E) exposed on only one surface of the membrane.
Correct Answer
C. C) amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region. -
- 26.
Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
- A.
A) CO2
- B.
B) an amino acid
- C.
C) glucose
- D.
D) K+
- E.
E) starch
Correct Answer
A. A) CO2 -
- 27.
Which of the following would increase the electrochemical potential across a membrane?
- A.
A) a chloride channel
- B.
B) a sucrose-proton cotransporter
- C.
C) a proton pump
- D.
D) a potassium channel
- E.
E) both a proton pump and a potassium channel
Correct Answer
C. C) a proton pump -
- 28.
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
- A.
A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly.
- B.
B) Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content and therefore more cholesterol in membranes.
- C.
C) Unsaturated fatty acids are more polar than saturated fatty acids.
- D.
D) The double bonds block interaction among the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids.
- E.
E) The double bonds result in shorter fatty acid tails and thinner membranes.
Correct Answer
A. A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly. -
- 29.
Water passes quickly through cell membranes because
- A.
A) the bilayer is hydrophilic.
- B.
B) it moves through hydrophobic channels.
- C.
C) water movement is tied to ATP hydrolysis.
- D.
D) it is a small, polar, charged molecule.
- E.
E) it moves through aquaporins in the membrane.
Correct Answer
E. E) it moves through aquaporins in the membrane. -
- 30.
An organism with a cell wall would most likely be unable to take in materials through
- A.
A) diffusion.
- B.
B) osmosis.
- C.
C) active transport.
- D.
D) phagocytosis.
- E.
E) facilitated diffusion.
Correct Answer
D. D) phagocytosis. -
- 31.
Which of the following is true of integral membrane proteins?
- A.
A) They lack tertiary structure.
- B.
B) They are loosely bound to the surface of the bilayer.
- C.
C) They are usually transmembrane proteins.
- D.
D) They are not mobile within the bilayer.
- E.
E) They serve only a structural role in membranes.
Correct Answer
C. C) They are usually transmembrane proteins. -
- 32.
Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by which of the following?
- A.
A) defective LDL receptors on the cell membranes
- B.
B) poor attachment of the cholesterol to the extracellular matrix of cells
- C.
C) a poorly formed lipid bilayer that cannot incorporate cholesterol into cell membranes
- D.
D) inhibition of the cholesterol active transport system in red blood cells
- E.
E) a general lack of glycolipids in the blood cell membranes
Correct Answer
A. A) defective LDL receptors on the cell membranes -
- 33.
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
- A.
A) hydrolyzed.
- B.
B) hydrogenated.
- C.
C) oxidized.
- D.
D) reduced.
- E.
E) an oxidizing agent.
Correct Answer
C. C) oxidized. -
- 34.
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
- A.
A) cytosol
- B.
B) mitochondrial outer membrane
- C.
C) mitochondrial inner membrane
- D.
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space
- E.
E) mitochondrial matrix
Correct Answer
C. C) mitochondrial inner membrane -
- 35.
Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?
- A.
A) glycolysis
- B.
B) fermentation
- C.
C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
- D.
D) citric acid cycle
- E.
E) oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
Correct Answer
A. A) glycolysis -
- 36.
Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
- A.
A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
- B.
B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.
- C.
C) NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases.
- D.
D) NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation.
- E.
E) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function
Correct Answer
A. A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. -
- 37.
In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by
- A.
A) high energy phosphate bonds in organic molecules.
- B.
B) a proton gradient across a membrane.
- C.
C) converting oxygen to ATP.
- D.
D) transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate.
- E.
E) generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain
Correct Answer
B. B) a proton gradient across a membrane. -
- 38.
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
- A.
A) the electron transport chain
- B.
B) substrate-level phosphorylation
- C.
C) chemiosmosis
- D.
D) oxidative phosphorylation
- E.
E) aerobic respiration
Correct Answer
B. B) substrate-level phosphorylation -
- 39.
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
- A.
A) electron transport
- B.
B) glycolysis
- C.
C) the citric acid cycle
- D.
D) oxidative phosphorylation
- E.
E) chemiosmosis
Correct Answer
B. B) glycolysis -
- 40.
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
- A.
A) yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.
- B.
B) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
- C.
C) combine with carbon, forming CO2.
- D.
D) combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
- E.
E) catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.
Correct Answer
B. B) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. -
- 41.
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
- A.
A) reduce NAD+ to NADH.
- B.
B) reduce FAD+ to FADH2.
- C.
C) oxidize NADH to NAD+.
- D.
D) reduce FADH2 to FAD+.
- E.
E) do none of the above.
Correct Answer
C. C) oxidize NADH to NAD+. -
- 42.
Which one do you like?
- A.
Option 1
- B.
Option 2
- C.
Option 3
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. Option 1 -
- 43.
An electron loses potential energy when it
- A.
A) shifts to a less electronegative atom.
- B.
B) shifts to a more electronegative atom.
- C.
C) increases its kinetic energy.
- D.
D) increases its activity as an oxidizing agent.
- E.
E) moves further away from the nucleus of the atom.
Correct Answer
B. B) shifts to a more electronegative atom. -
- 44.
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
- A.
A) glycolysis → NADH → oxidative phosphorylation → ATP → oxygen
- B.
B) citric acid cycle → FADH2 → electron transport chain → ATP
- C.
C) electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → ATP → oxygen
- D.
D) pyruvate → citric acid cycle → ATP → NADH → oxygen
- E.
E) citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
Correct Answer
E. E) citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen -
- 45.
When an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived, muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells?
- A.
A) It is converted to NAD+.
- B.
B) It produces CO2 and water.
- C.
C) It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate.
- D.
D) It reduces FADH2 to FAD+.
- E.
E) It is converted to alcohol.
Correct Answer
C. C) It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate. -
- 46.
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?
- A.
A) 0%
- B.
B) 2%
- C.
C) 10%
- D.
D) 38%
- E.
E) 100%
Correct Answer
E. E) 100% -
- 47.
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + i to ATP?
- A.
A) energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system
- B.
B) energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation
- C.
C) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, against the electrochemical gradient
- D.
D) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down the electrochemical gradient
- E.
E) No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic.
Correct Answer
D. D) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down the electrochemical gradient -
- 48.
When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by
- A.
A) buildup of pyruvate.
- B.
B) buildup of lactate.
- C.
C) increase in sodium ions.
- D.
D) increase in potassium ions.
- E.
E) increase in ethanol.
Correct Answer
B. B) buildup of lactate. -
- 49.
How will brief heating (to 95°C) affect macromolecular structures in aqueous solution?
- A.
A) DNA duplexes will unwind and separate.
- B.
B) Proteins will unfold (denature).
- C.
C) Starch will hydrolyze into monomeric sugars.
- D.
D) Proteins will hydrolyze into amino acids.
- E.
E) DNA duplexes will unwind and separate, and proteins will unfold (denature).
Correct Answer
E. E) DNA duplexes will unwind and separate, and proteins will unfold (denature). -
- 50.
بونص :) اضغط على رقم 1
- A.
1
- B.
0
Correct Answer
A. 1 -
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