Biology-mid-test 1
- 1.
1) Humans and mice differ because
- A.
A) their cells have different small organic molecules.
- B.
B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules.
- C.
C) their cells make different types of lipids.
- D.
D) their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids.
- E.
E) their cells make different types of proteins.
Correct Answer
D. D) their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids. -
- 2.
Question 2 Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids?
- A.
A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil.
- B.
B) They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids.
- C.
C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter.
- D.
D) They are usually liquid at room temperature.
- E.
E) They are usually produced by plants
Correct Answer
C. C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter. -
- 3.
Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would
- A.
A) alter the primary structure of the protein, but not its tertiary structure or function.
- B.
B) cause the tertiary structure of the protein to unfold.
- C.
C) always alter the biological activity or function of the protein.
- D.
D) always alter the primary structure of the protein and disrupt its biological activity.
- E.
E) always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein,and affect its biological activity.
Correct Answer
E. E) always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein,and affect its biological activity. -
- 4.
Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions?
- A.
A) hydroxyl groups
- B.
B) carbonyl groups
- C.
C) carboxyl groups
- D.
D) either carbonyl or carboxyl groups
- E.
E) either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups
Correct Answer
E. E) either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups -
- 5.
Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement?
- A.
A) a steroid
- B.
B) cellulose
- C.
C) DNA
- D.
D) an enzyme
- E.
E) a contractile protein
Correct Answer
A. A) a steroid -
- 6.
What methods may be used to elucidate the structures of purified proteins?
- A.
A) X-ray crystallography
- B.
B) bioinformatics
- C.
C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments
- D.
D) NMR spectroscopy
- E.
E) both X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy
Correct Answer
E. E) both X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy -
- 7.
Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions?
- A.
A) fatty acids
- B.
B) disaccharides
- C.
C) DNA
- D.
D) protein
- E.
E) amylose
Correct Answer
A. A) fatty acids -
- 8.
Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures?
- A.
A) creating cis double bonds to the fatty acids
- B.
B) adding hydrogens to the fatty acids
- C.
C) creating trans double bonds to the fatty acids
- D.
D) adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids
- E.
E) adding cis double bonds and trans double bonds to the fatty acid
Correct Answer
D. D) adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids -
- 9.
Which of the following techniques uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a protein's three-dimensional structure?
- A.
A) X-ray crystallography
- B.
B) bioinformatics
- C.
C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments
- D.
D) NMR spectroscopy
- E.
E) high-speed centrifugation
Correct Answer
B. B) bioinformatics -
- 10.
Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers?
- A.
A) lipids
- B.
B) carbohydrates
- C.
C) proteins
- D.
D) nucleic acids
- E.
E) lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids all consist of only macromolecular polymers
Correct Answer
B. B) carbohydrates -
- 11.
All of the following contain amino acids except
- A.
A) hemoglobin.
- B.
B) cholesterol.
- C.
C) antibodies.
- D.
D) enzymes.
- E.
E) insulin
Correct Answer
B. B) cholesterol. -
- 12.
DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase?
- A.
A) The two strands of the double helix would separate.
- B.
B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
- C.
C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
- D.
D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
- E.
E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars
Correct Answer
B. B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. -
- 13.
How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?
- A.
A) 12
- B.
B) 11
- C.
C) 10
- D.
D) 9
- E.
E) 8
Correct Answer
C. C) 10 -
- 14.
When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using
- A.
A) a phase-contrast light microscope.
- B.
B) a scanning electron microscope.
- C.
C) a transmission electronic microscope.
- D.
D) a confocal fluorescence microscope.
- E.
E) a super-resolution fluorescence microscope
Correct Answer
C. C) a transmission electronic microscope. -
- 15.
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
- A.
A) ribosome
- B.
B) lysosome
- C.
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- D.
D) mitochondrion
- E.
E) contractile vacuole
Correct Answer
C. C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum -
- 16.
If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction?
- A.
A) limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of contraction
- B.
B) microvilli, alveoli, and glomeruli: cellular projections that increase surface area
- C.
C) all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous glands, that transport fluids
- D.
D) sperm, larynx, and trachea: cells and tissues that contain flagella or cilia
- E.
E) phagocytic cells and white blood cells that exhibit amoeboid movement
Correct Answer
D. D) sperm, larynx, and trachea: cells and tissues that contain flagella or cilia -
- 17.
A primary objective of cell fractionation is to
- A.
A) view the structure of cell membranes.
- B.
B) sort cells based on their size and weight.
- C.
C) determine the size of various organelles.
- D.
D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.
- E.
E) separate lipid-soluble from water-soluble molecules
Correct Answer
D. D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. -
- 18.
Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to
- A.
A) perform amoeboid movement.
- B.
B) form cleavage furrows.
- C.
C) contract muscle fibers.
- D.
D) extend pseudopodia.
- E.
E) move vesicles around the cel
Correct Answer
E. E) move vesicles around the cel -
- 19.
Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?
- A.
A) ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria
- B.
B) chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles
- C.
C) nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts
- D.
D) vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus
- E.
E) nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
Correct Answer
E. E) nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes -
- 20.
Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
- A.
A) chloroplast
- B.
B) lysosome
- C.
C) central vacuole
- D.
D) peroxisome
- E.
E) glyoxysome
Correct Answer
B. B) lysosome -
- 21.
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?
- A.
A) They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment.
- B.
B) They must permit information transfer between the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus.
- C.
C) They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume.
- D.
D) They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.
- E.
E) They are composed of a mixture of lipids and carbohydrates
Correct Answer
D. D) They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. -
- 22.
What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best super-resolution light microscope?
- A.
A) The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer.
- B.
B) Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal.
- C.
C) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.
- D.
D) The electron microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real size.
- E.
E) The electron microscope cannot image whole cells at one time.
Correct Answer
C. C) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light. -
- 23.
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
- A.
A) the endoplasmic reticulum
- B.
B) the Golgi apparatus
- C.
C) the lysosome
- D.
D) mitochondria
- E.
E) membrane-bound ribosomes
Correct Answer
C. C) the lysosome -
- 24.
Some regions of the plasma membrane, called lipid rafts, have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. As a result, these lipid rafts
- A.
A) are more fluid than the surrounding membrane.
- B.
B) are more rigid than the surrounding membrane.
- C.
C) are able to flip from inside to outside.
- D.
D) detach from the plasma membrane and clog arteries.
- E.
E) have higher rates of lateral diffusion of lipids and proteins into and out of the lipid rafts
Correct Answer
B. B) are more rigid than the surrounding membrane. -
- 25.
Which one do you like?
- A.
Option 1
- B.
Option 2
- C.
Option 3
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. Option 1 -
- 26.
The cell membranes of Antarctic ice fish might have which of the following adaptations?
- A.
A) very long chain fatty acids
- B.
B) branched isoprenoid lipids
- C.
C) a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
- D.
D) a higher percentage of trans-fatty acids
- E.
E) no cholesterol
Correct Answer
C. C) a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids -
- 27.
When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?
- A.
A) The cell will burst.
- B.
B) The cell membrane will lyse.
- C.
C) Plasmolysis will shrink the interior.
- D.
D) The cell will become flaccid.
- E.
E) The cell will become turgid
Correct Answer
E. E) The cell will become turgid -
- 28.
Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?
- A.
A) phospholipids and cellulose
- B.
B) nucleic acids and proteins
- C.
C) phospholipids and proteins
- D.
D) proteins and cellulose
- E.
E) glycoproteins and cholesterol
Correct Answer
C. C) phospholipids and proteins -
- 29.
Why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes?
- A.
A) The interior of the membrane is filled with liquid water.
- B.
B) Lipids and proteins repulse each other in the membrane.
- C.
C) Hydrophilic portions of the lipids are in the interior of the membrane.
- D.
D) There are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane.
- E.
E) Molecules such as cellulose can pull them in various directions.
Correct Answer
D. D) There are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane. -
- 30.
Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells?
- A.
A) simple diffusion
- B.
B) phagocytosis
- C.
C) active transport pumps
- D.
D) exocytosis
- E.
E) facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer
E. E) facilitated diffusion -
- 31.
The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals
- A.
A) enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops.
- B.
B) enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids.
- C.
C) enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids.
- D.
D) makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell.
- E.
E) makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders
Correct Answer
A. A) enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops. -
- 32.
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
- A.
A) large and hydrophobic
- B.
B) small and hydrophobic
- C.
C) large polar
- D.
D) ionic
- E.
E) monosaccharides such as glucose
Correct Answer
B. B) small and hydrophobic -
- 33.
The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it
- A.
A) pumps equal quantities of Na+ and K+ across the membrane.
- B.
B) pumps hydrogen ions out of the cell.
- C.
C) contributes to the membrane potential.
- D.
D) ionizes sodium and potassium atoms.
- E.
E) is used to drive the transport of other molecules against a concentration gradient.
Correct Answer
C. C) contributes to the membrane potential. -
- 34.
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
- A.
A) anabolic pathways
- B.
B) catabolic pathways
- C.
C) fermentation pathways
- D.
D) thermodynamic pathways
- E.
E) bioenergetic pathways
Correct Answer
B. B) catabolic pathways -
- 35.
During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? E) mitochondrial matrix
- A.
A) cytosol
- B.
B) mitochondrial outer membrane
- C.
C) mitochondrial inner membrane
- D.
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space
- E.
E) mitochondrial matrix
Correct Answer
E. E) mitochondrial matrix -
- 36.
Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in
- A.
A) all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen.
- B.
B) only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen.
- C.
C) only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors.
- D.
D) all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors.
- E.
E) all cells, in the absence of respiration.
Correct Answer
D. D) all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. -
- 37.
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction
- A.
A) gains electrons and gains potential energy.
- B.
B) loses electrons and loses potential energy.
- C.
C) gains electrons and loses potential energy.
- D.
D) loses electrons and gains potential energy.
- E.
E) neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy
Correct Answer
B. B) loses electrons and loses potential energy. -
- 38.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
- A.
A) glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
- B.
B) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
- C.
C) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
- D.
D) oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation
- E.
E) fermentation and glycolysis
Correct Answer
B. B) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle -
- 39.
If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized by carbon dioxide and water, how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
- A.
A) 0
- B.
B) 1
- C.
C) 12
- D.
D) 14
- E.
E) 1
Correct Answer
C. C) 12 -
- 40.
When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?
- A.
A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released.
- B.
B) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed.
- C.
C) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed.
- D.
D) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released.
- E.
E) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and entropy decreases
Correct Answer
A. A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. -
- 41.
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
- A.
A) food → citric acid cycle → ATP → NAD+
- B.
B) food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
- C.
C) glucose → pyruvate → ATP → oxygen
- D.
D) glucose → ATP → electron transport chain → NADH
- E.
E) food → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → NADH → ATP
Correct Answer
B. B) food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen -
- 42.
In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?
- A.
A) It allows for an increased rate of glycolysis.
- B.
B) It allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle.
- C.
C) It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation.
- D.
D) It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation.
- E.
E) It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria
Correct Answer
C. C) It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation. -
- 43.
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
- A.
A) C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.
- B.
B) O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced.
- C.
C) CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized.
- D.
D) C6H12O6 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
- E.
E) O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
Correct Answer
A. A) C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced. -
- 44.
What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the reactions of the citric acid cycle, if glucose is the sole energy source?
- A.
A) 1/6
- B.
B) 1/3
- C.
C) 1/2
- D.
D) 2/3
- E.
E) 100/100
Correct Answer
D. D) 2/3 -
- 45.
In prokaryotes, the respiratory electron transport chain is located
- A.
A) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
- B.
B) in the mitochondrial outer membrane.
- C.
C) in the plasma membrane.
- D.
D) in the cytoplasm.
- E.
E) in the bacterial outer membrane
Correct Answer
C. C) in the plasma membrane. -
- 46.
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
- A.
A) hydrolyzed.
- B.
B) hydrogenated.
- C.
C) oxidized.
- D.
D) reduced.
- E.
E) an oxidizing agent.
Correct Answer
C. C) oxidized. -
- 47.
The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
- A.
Exocytosis
- B.
Osmoregulation
- C.
Diffusion
- D.
endocytosis
- E.
C+D
Correct Answer
C. Diffusion -
- 48.
Membrane that allows some substances to pass more easily than others and blocks the passage of some substances altogether
- A.
Sodium potassium pump
- B.
Singer and nicolson
- C.
Integral proteins
- D.
Selectively permeable membrane
- E.
Non of the above
Correct Answer
D. Selectively permeable membrane -
- 49.
Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water?
- A.
Hypotonic
- B.
Isotonic
- C.
Hypertonic
- D.
Amphipathic
- E.
B+C
Correct Answer
A. Hypotonic -
- 50.
سؤال بونص الاجابة الصحيحة هي 6/9/2013
- A.
6/9/2013
- B.
0
Correct Answer
A. 6/9/2013 -
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