Hygiene Board Exam
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# 1. Board Review for Dental Hygiene. Questions were taken from various sources, including books, online sources, and etc.
- 1.The physiological concept that refers to the maintenance of a constant environment is
- A.
Hemostasis
- B.
Dynamic equilibrium
- C.
Homeostasis
- D.
Interdependence
- E.
Induction
- 2.The organelles that contain enzymes capable of digesting and destroying cellular debris
- A.
Endoplasmic reticulum
- B.
Golgi apparatus
- C.
Mitochondria
- D.
Lysosomes
- E.
Ribosomes
- 3.Transport of water across a cell membrane
- A.
Osmosis
- B.
Facilitated diffusion
- C.
Active transport
- D.
Diffusion
- 4.The direction and rate of diffusion of an ion is influenced by the
- A.
Concentration gradient
- B.
Hydrostatic pressure gradient
- C.
Electrical gradient
- D.
All of the above
- 5.Active transport differs from facilitated diffusion in that active transport
- A.
Moves a substance against a concentration gradient
- B.
Requires a carrier
- C.
Requires energy from magnesius adenosine triphosphate (Mg ATP)
- D.
Is exemplified by the movement of sodium and potassium across cell membranes
- E.
All of the above
- 6.A patient has accidentally been given an intravenous solution that is extremely hypertonic. Which of the following well occur?
- A.
Fluid moves from cell to plasma
- B.
The cell shrink
- C.
Crenation is the term to describe the changes that occur
- D.
All of the above are true statements about the events that occur
- 7.All of the following are derived from endoderm except
- A.
Epithelial parts of the respiratory system
- B.
Epithelial parts of the gastrointestinal system
- C.
Epithelium in the mouth
- D.
Epithelium of the pharynx
- 8.Which of the following is derived from mesoderm?
- A.
Epidermis
- B.
Nervous system
- C.
Adrenal medulla
- D.
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- E.
Connective tissue
- 9.Muscles of mastication is derived from which branchial arch?
- A.
First
- B.
Second
- C.
Third
- D.
Fourth
- E.
Fifth
- 10.The developmental period in which teeth and the palate are most susceptible to teratogenic agents is the
- A.
Third through the fifth week
- B.
Fourth through the seventh week
- C.
Fourth through the eighth week
- D.
Eighth through the tenth week
- 11.Gingiva and buccal mucosa
- A.
Simple squamous epithelium
- B.
Stratified squamous epithelium
- C.
Cuboidal epithelium
- D.
Stratified columnar epithelium
- E.
None of the above
- 12.What type of connective tissue is present in scar tissue?
- A.
Loose
- B.
Dense fibrous
- C.
Lymphatic
- D.
Reticuloendothelial
- E.
Adipose
- 13.What kind of cell types line the vascular channels of the body?
- A.
Stratified squamous epithelium
- B.
Endothelium
- C.
Mesothelium
- D.
Transitional epithelium
- E.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- 14.Pleura is a type of
- A.
Serous membrane
- B.
Mucous membrane
- C.
Visceral membrane
- D.
Parietal membrane
- E.
Synovial membrane
- 15.In long bones, the process whereby cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells, organic matrix is laid down, and calcium and phosphate are deposited is known as
- A.
Intramembranous ossification
- B.
Endochondral ossification
- C.
Osteoporosis
- D.
Erythropoiesis
- E.
Diaphyseal formation
- 16.All of the following terms are associated with haversian systems in bone
- A.
Caniculi
- B.
Lamellae
- C.
Lacunae
- D.
Osteocytes
- E.
Periosteum
- 17.What kind of joint, is described by the following: joint cavity present; bone ends covered by cartilage; may be separated by a disk; freely movable?
- A.
Synarthrotic
- B.
Diarthrotic
- C.
Cartilagenous
- D.
Synphysis
- E.
Synchondroses
- 18.Which of the following is NOT associated with a skeletal muscle?
- A.
Sarcolemma
- B.
Myofibrils
- C.
Intercalated disk
- D.
Mitochondria
- E.
Actin and myosin
- 19.Actin and myosin are proteins contained within a
- A.
Myofibril
- B.
Myofilament
- C.
Fiber
- D.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- 20.A single motor neuron and the muscle cells supplied by its axon branches is termed
- A.
An efferent neuron
- B.
A motor unit
- C.
A motor end plate
- D.
A sarcoplasmic reticulum
- E.
An annulospiral ending
- 21.Which of the following glial cells are responsible for myelin formation in the central nervous system?
- A.
Ependymal cells
- B.
Oligodendrocytes
- C.
Microglia
- D.
Schwann cells
- 22.Depolarization occurs with
- A.
Transfer of sodium ions to the inside of a neuron
- B.
Transfer of potassium ions to the outside of a neuron
- C.
A reversal of charge across the nerve cell membrane making the outside of the fiber positive with respect to the inside
- 23.Conduction occurs when a stimulus reduces the membrane potential to a critical level. This level is called
- A.
Summation
- B.
Threshold
- C.
Action potential
- D.
Facilitation
- E.
Refractory period
- 24.Which tract exerts a facilitative influence on motor neurons in the anterior horn?
- A.
Lateral corticospinal tract
- B.
Ventral corticospinal tract
- C.
Lateral reticulospinal tract
- D.
medial reticulospinal tract
- E.
Ectospinal tract
- 25.If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were sectioned what would be the result in the regions supplied by the nerve?
- A.
Loss of sensation
- B.
Loss of motor control
- C.
Loss of sensation and movement
- D.
Partial loss of sensation and movement
- E.
Loss of sensation, movement, and control of the degree of constriction of blood vessels
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